ch. 27 & 30 Study Guide
Chapter #27: Identifications
Richard Olney
Olney was cleveland’s secretary of state. He was angry at Britain for attempting to break the Monroe Doctrine and threatened Britain that America currently had the best navy.
Alfred Thayer Mahan
wrote the influence of sea power upon history. It said that the key to a nation’s power is through naval power so it suggested that America should build up its navy and become a more powerful force. This supported American imperalists actions.
Valeriano Weyler
This was the general sent by Spain to stop the revolt in Cuba. He started prison camps, which were criticized by the yellow press in America.
de Lome Letter
Hearst, one of the famous yellow journalists, published a letter from de Lome where the man wrote many negative comments towards the president, Cleveland. It was used as propaganda to get the Americans to support the army if it were to take Cuba as a territory.
Emilio Aguinaldo
Emilio helped U.S. in the war in the Philippines. He led a group of Filipino insurgents against Spain. He was exiled in Asia but he later turned against U.S.
Jingoism
Jingoism is the act of flag waving and an attempt to light patriotic feelings and pride for one’s country. This was done after the Spanish American War.
Teller Amendment
This amendment stated that America would soon give Cuba its freedom once they defeated Spain.
Rough Riders
These were soldiers of Teddy Roosevelt who went to cuba. They were headed by Leonard wood and they were a type of cavalry.
Anti-Imperialist League
This was a League that was against American expansion and imperialism. It emerged to halt the annexation of the Philippines because they believed it America should only annex lands generally in North America. It had members such as Mark Twain, William James, Samuel Gompers, and Andrew Carnegie.
Foraker Act
This act granted full US citizenship to Puerto Ricans in 1917.
Insular cases
The insular cases made up a series of cases where the Supreme court ruled that American laws and customs do not need to be followed in new lands taken by the country.
Platt Amendment
This amendment took rights away from Cubans. It said that Cuba couldn’t make treaties not supported by America, Cuba couldn’t have too much debt, and they must lease coaling stations for the US military to use.
Spheres of Influence.
This idea was that European countries controlled most of the cities in china. They had control over a coastal city and its surrounding area.
Philippine Insurrection
In the Philippines, the filipinos were angry that they were not given their freedom after the US defeated Spain. They used guerrilla style fighting and finally received their freedom in 1946.
Open Door Policy
Drafted by John Hay, this policy said that the spheres of influence should not be dropped and that all Chinese cities should be open to all nations for business, hence the open door.
Boxer Rebellion
This was a reaction to the Open door policy, which the Chinese had no say in. They had a rebellion however European countries, as well as US crushed the rebellion and forced china to pay for the damages.
Big Stick Policy
This was Teddy Roosevelt’s philosophy of using brute military force, or bullying, to get what the government wants.
Roosevelt Corollary
The corollary was an add-on to the Monroe Doctrine that completely contradicted it. IT said that America could intervene in Latin America and collect debts.
Portsmouth Conference
This conference was held in Portsmouth and set by TR between Russia and Japan. Russia got half of Sakhalin island and Japan had control over Korea. This weakened America’s relationship with Russia and Japan.
Gentlemen’s Agreement
Gentlemen’s agreement dealt with school policies and race. It said that the segregation policies in schools had to be repealed but emigration of Japanese laborers to California had to be stopped.
Root-Takahira Agreement
Roosevelt wanted to increase America’s foreign affairs so he signed the Root-Takahira Agreement, where both nations swore to respect each other’s policies and follow the open door policy.
Chapter #27: Identifications
America Turns Outward
Know: Josiah Strong, Alfred Mahan, Richard Olney, British Guiana, Great Rapprochement
1. What factors caused America to turn its attention to the world beyond her borders?
America was growing in power, wealth, and population. When a country has already addressed all government issues, it has time to go into foreign issues. The yellow press romanticized exploring the outside world to make Americans believe that exploring is fun. It added to the idea of manifest destiny and social Darwinism.
Spurning the Hawaiian Pear
Know: Queen Liliuokalani
2. Why did President Cleveland not want to annex Hawaii?
President Cleveland felt that his country had unethically treated Queen Liliuokalani and her people. Hawaii held more Chinese and Japanese immigrants than whites and Hawaiians therefore Cleveland felt bad that such a great country would be bullying smaller country.
Cubans Rise in Revolt
Know: General Weyler
3. What was happening in Cuba that caused Americans to be concerned?
The Americans wanted to control cuba because it was close to the panama canal. Lodge said that whoever controlled cuba controlled the entire gulf of Mexico. When the Cubans revolted because of American tariffs, Americans wanted to be involved because there were a lot of economic potential in cuba. Also, When General Weyler came and created concentration camps, American journalists such as Hearst and Pulitzer started yellow journalism, a type of journalism where the facts were stretched, a short of propaganda used to influence the ideas of the people. Another even was the Maine Battleship, which mysteriously blew up. Americans blamed the Cubans without evidence.
Dewey's May Day Victory at Manila
Know: Teddy Roosevelt, George Dewey
4. Why did Commodore Dewey have such an easy victory over the Spanish fleet at the Philippines?
Dewey attacked Manila at night due to the urging of Roosevelt, who wanted to attack Spain’s territories, Dewey, from Hong Kong, had 6 war ships while the Spanish only had 10 weak ships. He also had the element of surprise.
The Confused Invasion of Cuba
Know: Rough Riders, Teddy Roosevelt, San Juan Hill
5. Describe the fighting in Cuba.
Most soldiers in Cuba died from disease rather than fighting due to poor medication. If the Cubans held it out longer, they probably could have won because the health status of American armies were so poor that they could have collapsed at any moment. Nonetheless, the rough riders attacked but were poorly prepared. They eventually drowned their own horses. The only American success was the attack of the American navy, which destroyed the Spanish “armada” and caused Spain to sign an armistice.
America's Course (Curse?) of Empire
Know: Anti-Imperialist League
6. What were the arguments for and against the annexation of the Philippines?
Americans wanted to convert the Philipinos Christian, to convert them to make them better. They were also afraid that Germany would take the Philippines and felt a moral obligation to protect “lesser” countries. Those against annexation argued that it destroyed the Monroe Doctrine and it was very far away from America’s normal territories. If there was a war there, America would have a disadvantage.
Makers of America: The Puerto Ricans
7. How has U.S. citizenship caused Puerto Ricans to be different from other immigrants?
Because Puerto Rico is very close to America, Puerto Ricans can keep their cultural ties while having the benefits of American citizenship. Despite this, their English proficiency is far below average and they constantly face racism. They remain one of the poorest minority groups in America.
Perplexities in Puerto Rico and Cuba
Know: Insular Cases, General Leonard Wood, Walter Reed, Platt Amendment, Guantanamo
8. Describe American treatment of Cuba after the Spanish-American War.
Puerto Rico was given partial independence through the Foraker Act and full US citizenship was given in 1917. Even though there were improvements in sanitation, transportation and other areas, controversies about the Puerto Rican citizenship status broke out in the Insular cases, where the Supreme court declared that American laws and customs do not apply to new lands.
New Horizons in Two Hemispheres
9. What were the outcomes of the Spanish-American War?
The Spanish American war led other great European powers to finally recognize America as a fellow world power. Past southern confederates finally felt united with the rest of the country and American patriotism increased.
"Little Brown Brothers" in the Philippines
Know: William Howard Taft, Benevolent Assimilation
10. In what way do the Philippines show the good and bad sides of American imperialism?
American government strengthened the infrastructure, public health, trade, and schools in the Philippines. The bad side was that America used cruel punishments such as the water cure, set up prison camps similar to Weyler’s in Cuba, and attacked people who simply wanted freedom.
Hinging the Open Door in China
Know: Boxer Rebellion
11. Was American involvement in China beneficial to China?
China had a closed system but John Hay, along with other Europeans, created the Open door policy without consulting with the Chinese. Europeans wanted the natural resources which were abundant in china and they wanted to have free trade with all ports of china. This led to the Boxer Rebellion but the Chinese lost and had to pay war fees. Now, all ports had to be open for European trade.
Makers of America: The Filipinos
12. Were Filipino immigrants welcomed with open arms in America? Explain.
Yes and no. Because Chinese immigration was banned, American industries need to find cheap labor, and they found it with Filipino immigrants. They were however treated with racism. If a Filipino man looked at a Caucasian woman, they would be attacked.
Imperialism or Bryanism in 1900?
13. What issues were important in the 1900 election?
Bryan attacked imperialism while McKinley attacked “Bryanism.” People were already tired of the subject of imperialism. McKinley used an ad Hominum attack that caused people to afraid of the decline in America’s prosperity.
TR: Brandisher of the Big Stick
Know: Big Stick, Bully Pulpit
14. Give evidence to show that Teddy Roosevelt was an unconventional president?
Teddy was willing to use military force to intimidate smaller countries, also known as his Big stick policy. This was seen as aggressive and very similar to a bully. He was an imperialist and he was willing to threaten to get what he wanted, something previous presidents did not do.
Building the Panama Canal
Know: Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, Philippe Bunau-Varilla, George Washington Goethals, William C. Gorgas
15. Why was the Panama route chosen for the canal?
America wanted a canal that would put an end of America’s naval weakness and boost business. Nicaragua was the initial choice but the eruption of Mt. Pelée caused them to relocate. Engineer Philippe Bunaue-Varilla caught a bargain for the price of the canal and persuaded American government to try out Panama.
TR's Perversion of Monroe's Doctrine
Know: Roosevelt Corollary, Dominican Republic, Bad Neighbor
16. Explain the similarities and differences between the Monroe Doctrine and the Roosevelt Corollary?
The Monroe Doctrine said that European countries cannot colonize any lands near American territory, and America will not colonize any lands near outside of the North American region. Roosevelt’s corollary was added on to the Monroe Doctrine, which stated that America has the right to be preventative, to do an act before hand for preparation. They are willing to act first and colonize other countries before something bad happens.
Roosevelt on the World Stage
Know: Russo-Japanese War, Portsmouth
17. How did Teddy Roosevelt win the Nobel Peace Prize?
When there was tension between Japan and Russia, TR jumped in and made an agreement. This resulted in the treaty at Portsmouth, NH, Where Russia got only half of Sakhalin Island and Japan got part of Korea. Both countries were unhappy and American relations with the two countries were strained.
Japanese Laborers in California
Know: Gentlemen’s Agreement, Great White Fleet
18. How did a school board in California act in a way that first hurt and then helped American-Japanese relations?
San Francisco schools ordered a segregation of Chinese, Japanese, and Korean students. This quickly ended with the Gentlemen’s Agreement ,which repealed the segregation policy. Roosevelt, eager to mend the tensions between America and Japan, had the navy go on a worldwide tour called the “Great While fleet.” This resulted in the Root-Takahira agreement, where both nations promised to respect one another.
Varying Viewpoints: Why did America Become a World Power?
19. What caused America's foray into imperialism? Defend your opinion.
I think the reason that America became a world power was that they experienced a lot of prosperity over the years. American business leaders have become the richest in the world and industry has bloomed. It was well time that America became a world power.
Chapter #30 Identifications
George Creel
This was the man who headed the committee of propaganda in America. He was so successful that patriotic Americans went into the war believing they were the strongest nation.
Bernard Baruch
Leader of the war Industries Board was Baruch. He supported the belief in Laissez Faire.
Henry Cabot Lodge
He was the chairman of the Senate Foreign relations committee. Wilson despised him and he tried to pass a treaty that went against Wilson’s fourteen points.
James M. Cox
James M. cox was a democratic Ohio governor who was for the league of nations.
Self-Determination
This was Wilson’s belief that all countries should have the right to vote and determine what system their country would have. This supported the idea of democracy in America.
Collective security
This was the idea that allied countries should help one another when in need.
Normalcy
This was Harding’s idea that America should take a break from Wilsonian high-mindedness and return to normalcy.
Zimmerman Note
This was a telegram intercepted by Americans. It was sent from Germany to Mexico stating that Germany would help Mexico if it attacked America. This note was one of the main causes for America’s joining of the World War.
Fourteen Points
These were Wilson’s points directed and maintaining peace between nations. They were rejected because most European countries wanted revenge for the war and someone to blame. They were not very well received in America either.
League of Nations
This was another one of Wilson’s ideas to maintain peace. Britain and France eventually accepted the League of Nations but America did not even join because the Republicans were against it, especially Lodge.
Committee on Public Information
This committee was led by creel. They used propagandist techniques to build up war morale and American pride.
Espionage and Sedition Acts
These acts went against the First amendment and were created to prosecute spies and protect the government, not the people.
Industrial Workers of the World
These people did not want war and were against the Espionage act of 1917. They supported the workers unions and were angry that now they had to work more for les money.
War Industries Board
The war industries board was chaired by Taft and head off labor disputes that might hamper the war effort for the employees.
Nineteenth Amendment
This amendment gave women the right to vote. Wilson was one of the first president to actually advocate for women’s rights.
Food Administration
The Food administration was supported by Hoover and relied on voluntary efforts. They suggested that Americans have their own victory gardens.
Irreconcilables
Irreconcilable senators followed Wilson’s tour through the country. They were Borah and Johnson.
Treaty of Versailles
The treaty officially ended the war and was signed in Paris France. Lodge’s goal was to protect the Monroe Doctrine, the constitution, and retain America’s right to rule herself.
Chapter #30 Guided Reading Questions
War by Act of Germany
Know: "Peace without Victory," Unlimited Submarine Warfare, Arthur Zimmermann
1. What events led Woodrow Wilson to ask Congress to declare war?
The Germans were participating in unlimited submarine Warfare, which eventually lead to the sinking of the Lusitania. Germans claimed that there were weapons on the ship, which the Americans denied. Also, the Zimmermann telegram was published in newspapers across the nation. This showed Germany’s efforts to support Mexican revolution and war against America.
Wilsonian Idealism Enthroned
Know: Jeannette Rankin
2. Name Wilson’s twin war aims. How did these set America apart from the other combatants?
Wilson wanted the world to be safe for democracy and free for all people. While Wilson was advocating for peace, other nations were fighting for land and territory.
Wilson’s Fourteen Potent Points
Know: Fourteen Points
3. List several of Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
Some of Wilson’s points were: Abolish secret treaties, freedom of the seas, removal of economic barriers between nations, reduction of armaments, changing colonial claims to help both colonizers and native peoples, self-determination, where groups chose their governments themselves, and the League of Nations.
Creel Manipulates Minds
Know: Committee on Public Information, George Creel, Four-minute Men, The Hun, Over There
4. How were Americans motivated to help in the war effort?
Americans were exposed to propaganda, wonderfully used by George creel through war posters, radio shows, speeches, leaflets, pamphlets, movies, and songs. 75000 four minute men were sent across the country to give out patriotic speeches. Americans began to have lofty ideas and increased pride in their country and who they were.
Enforcing Loyalty and Stifling Dissent
Know: Liberty Cabbage, Espionage Act, Sedition Act, Eugene V. Debs, William D. Haywood
5. How was loyalty forced during WWI?
Two antiforeign laws were passed to stifle dissent. The espionage Act of 1917 was created to find all spies and prosecute them. Some of them were Eugene V. Debs, a socialist leader, industrial workers of the world, and William D. Haywood. The Sedition Act of 1918 prosecuted anyone who engaged in seditious acts and pushed the boundaries of the First amendment. They were very similar to the Alien and Sedition acts of 1790.
The Nation’s Factories Go to War
Know: Bernard Baruch, War Industries Board
6. Why was it difficult to mobilize industry for the war effort?
Not many people knew about how war would go and there was reluctance by stes-rights advocates who didn’t want the government to butt into their business. Americans clung to their laissez-faire. In response, Baruch, the leader of the war industries Board, helped mobilize the industry.
Workers in Wartime
Know: "Work or Fight," National War Labor Board, Wobblies
7. How did the war affect the labor movement?
The government started a “work or fight” policy, where men who didn’t work went into the army. Taft was the leader of the National War Labor Board that settled worker disputes, kept the workers in place, and organize labor unions.
Suffering Until Suffrage
Know: NAWSA, 19th Amendment, Women’s Bureau
8. How did the war affect women?
Because the men were at war, many women took jobs and proved that women were just as capable as men. They could perform the same jobs and perhaps even do them better than men can. This ignited the feminist movement and the National American Woman Suffrage Association was created. This urged women to engage in the war effort. They gained the support of Wilson. The Nineteenth amendment was finally pasted and the Women’s Bureau emerged to protect women’s rights.
Forging a War Economy
Know: Food Administration, Herbert Hoover, Meatless Tuesdays, Eighteenth Amendment, Heatless Mondays, Liberty Bonds
9. Did government become too intrusive in people’s lives during the war? Give examples to support your answer.
The government did begin looking to change the lifestyles of everyday men and women. For example, the government did not want any grains to be wasted on making alcohol. They started the prohibition movement and passed the Eighteenth amendment, which prohibited alcoholic drinks. Another example would be the Fuel administration, which encouraged families to save fuel by having “heatless Mondays.”
Making Plowboys into Doughboys
10. Was the government’s effort to raise an army fair and effective?
No, they created a draft started by the selective service act, which was unusual because a draft had not been used since the civil war. All men ages 18-45 were required to register and they could not pay their way out of it, unlike the civil war. Women served in the military and troops were not given proper training before they were thrown into the battle fields.
Fighting in France--Belatedly
11. How were American troops used in Russia?
American troops first served as replacements but later began traveling to Belgium, Italy, and Russia to prevent Russia from falling into the hands of Germany. Russians did not like this because they felt that the capitalists Americans were ruining their communist experiment. Other troops went to Siberia to hold off Japanese troops.
America Helps Hammer the Hun
Know: Marshal Foch, John J. Pershing, Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Alvin York
12. Describe the effect of the American troops on the fighting.
Americans helped the Ally offensive. Their main roles were stopping Germany’s attack on Paris, boosting morale, and providing supplies. They defeated the Germans at Belleau Wood and the Meuse-Argonne offensive. Ally victory was nearing due to the American war effort.
The Fourteen Points Disarm Germany
Know: Armistice
13. What role did America play in bringing Germany to surrender?
Wilson’s 14 points forced the Kaiser to step down, abdicate, and flee to Holland. The day of armistice became known as Armistice day, aka Veterans Day. He created the fourteen points and convinced Germans that the Allies would be merciful in their treaty.
Wilson Steps Down from Olympus
Know: Henry Cabot Lodge
14. What political mistakes hurt Wilson in the months following the armistice?
Wilson decided to travel personally to Europe peace talks and this made him seem like he was showing off. He did not invite a single republican, not even Lodge, the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations committee. This cause the republicans to be very bitter.
The Idealist Battles the Imperialists in Paris
Know: Vittorio Orlando, David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, League of Nations
15. How did Wilson’s desire for the League of Nations affect his bargaining at the peace conference?
Wilson wanted a League of Nations to end all wars. Britain and France wanted revenge. Britian and France finally agreed with the League and Wilson agreed with punishment. Therefore, it resulted in the War Guilt clause, which stated that the blame of the war was formally placed on Germany, and Germany had to pay the costs of the war, $33 billion.
Hammering Out the Treaty
Know: William Borah, Hiram Johnson, Irreconcilables
16. What compromises did Wilson make at the peace conference?
Wilson had to let France occupy the region for 16 years and then let the people vote, (they eventually voted for Germany.) The Security Treaty stated that US and England would come to France’s aid if they needed help. Italy got the strategic seaport of Fiume and Japan took china’s Shuantung Peninsula.
The Peace Treaty That Bred a New War
Know: Treaty of Versailles
17. For what reasons did Wilson compromise his 14 Points?
Wilson had to compromise his original 23 points (only 4 were passed) because each winning ally had a different opinion about what they wanted to do with GErmnay. Most of them were against Wilson’s 14 points because they wanted revenge. They felt the full effects of the war while America only suffered a little.
The Domestic Parade of Prejudice
18. Why was the treaty criticized back in America?
The treaty was hated because many people wanted to adhere to Washington’s idea of no foreign entanglements. Extremists such as Rabid Hun-haters said that the treaty was not harsh enough. Liberals such as NY Nation said that it was too harsh. Hyphenated Americans were angry that the treaty was not favorable to native lands. The Irish was against it because it gave power to Britain, the hated ruler of Ireland.
Wilson’s Tour and Collapse (1919)
19. What was the purpose and result of Wilson’s trip around the country when he returned to America?
Wilson wanted to have a tour to explain his treaty so that the people would be more favorable to it. The Midwest did not receive his tour well because many were Germans. The Rocky mountains area and the Pacific coast were more open to Wilson’s ideas because they were on the coast and therefore more open to foreign ideas and relations.
Defeat Through Deadlock
20. Why was the treaty finally rejected?
Lodge added things to Wilson’s treaty, making it unbearable for Wilson. The treaty went to senate 2 times but it was denied both times because Wilson told his fellow Democrats to shut it down. The defeat was basically caused by the Lodge-Wilson personal feud.
The "Solemn Referendum" of 1920
Know: Warren Harding, James M. Cox, Normalcy
21. What did the results of the 1920 election indicate?
The results showed that the Republicans had reorganized and appealed to all types of Americans. The death of Roosevelt woke up the Republicans and led them to draw a party platform that appealed to both those for and against the League of Nations.
The Betrayal of Great Expectations
22. How much should the U.S. be blamed for the failure of the Treaty of Versailles?
America’s isolationism led to these events: France, without military aide, went ahead and built a massive military without anyone to check them. Germans suffered terribly and were open to any ideas, even those of Hitler. Without US interference, Germany could re-arm themselves easily.
Varying Viewpoints: Woodrow Wilson: Realist or Idealist?
Know: Realism, Idealism, Wilsonianism
23. To what extent was Wilson realistic when he called for a world of cooperation, equality and justice among nations?
Wilson was a realist I believe because he saw what would happen if there was no cooperation or equality. He knew the bitterness inside the souls of the people and understood that if there was no communication between countries, war would result.
Richard Olney
Olney was cleveland’s secretary of state. He was angry at Britain for attempting to break the Monroe Doctrine and threatened Britain that America currently had the best navy.
Alfred Thayer Mahan
wrote the influence of sea power upon history. It said that the key to a nation’s power is through naval power so it suggested that America should build up its navy and become a more powerful force. This supported American imperalists actions.
Valeriano Weyler
This was the general sent by Spain to stop the revolt in Cuba. He started prison camps, which were criticized by the yellow press in America.
de Lome Letter
Hearst, one of the famous yellow journalists, published a letter from de Lome where the man wrote many negative comments towards the president, Cleveland. It was used as propaganda to get the Americans to support the army if it were to take Cuba as a territory.
Emilio Aguinaldo
Emilio helped U.S. in the war in the Philippines. He led a group of Filipino insurgents against Spain. He was exiled in Asia but he later turned against U.S.
Jingoism
Jingoism is the act of flag waving and an attempt to light patriotic feelings and pride for one’s country. This was done after the Spanish American War.
Teller Amendment
This amendment stated that America would soon give Cuba its freedom once they defeated Spain.
Rough Riders
These were soldiers of Teddy Roosevelt who went to cuba. They were headed by Leonard wood and they were a type of cavalry.
Anti-Imperialist League
This was a League that was against American expansion and imperialism. It emerged to halt the annexation of the Philippines because they believed it America should only annex lands generally in North America. It had members such as Mark Twain, William James, Samuel Gompers, and Andrew Carnegie.
Foraker Act
This act granted full US citizenship to Puerto Ricans in 1917.
Insular cases
The insular cases made up a series of cases where the Supreme court ruled that American laws and customs do not need to be followed in new lands taken by the country.
Platt Amendment
This amendment took rights away from Cubans. It said that Cuba couldn’t make treaties not supported by America, Cuba couldn’t have too much debt, and they must lease coaling stations for the US military to use.
Spheres of Influence.
This idea was that European countries controlled most of the cities in china. They had control over a coastal city and its surrounding area.
Philippine Insurrection
In the Philippines, the filipinos were angry that they were not given their freedom after the US defeated Spain. They used guerrilla style fighting and finally received their freedom in 1946.
Open Door Policy
Drafted by John Hay, this policy said that the spheres of influence should not be dropped and that all Chinese cities should be open to all nations for business, hence the open door.
Boxer Rebellion
This was a reaction to the Open door policy, which the Chinese had no say in. They had a rebellion however European countries, as well as US crushed the rebellion and forced china to pay for the damages.
Big Stick Policy
This was Teddy Roosevelt’s philosophy of using brute military force, or bullying, to get what the government wants.
Roosevelt Corollary
The corollary was an add-on to the Monroe Doctrine that completely contradicted it. IT said that America could intervene in Latin America and collect debts.
Portsmouth Conference
This conference was held in Portsmouth and set by TR between Russia and Japan. Russia got half of Sakhalin island and Japan had control over Korea. This weakened America’s relationship with Russia and Japan.
Gentlemen’s Agreement
Gentlemen’s agreement dealt with school policies and race. It said that the segregation policies in schools had to be repealed but emigration of Japanese laborers to California had to be stopped.
Root-Takahira Agreement
Roosevelt wanted to increase America’s foreign affairs so he signed the Root-Takahira Agreement, where both nations swore to respect each other’s policies and follow the open door policy.
Chapter #27: Identifications
America Turns Outward
Know: Josiah Strong, Alfred Mahan, Richard Olney, British Guiana, Great Rapprochement
1. What factors caused America to turn its attention to the world beyond her borders?
America was growing in power, wealth, and population. When a country has already addressed all government issues, it has time to go into foreign issues. The yellow press romanticized exploring the outside world to make Americans believe that exploring is fun. It added to the idea of manifest destiny and social Darwinism.
Spurning the Hawaiian Pear
Know: Queen Liliuokalani
2. Why did President Cleveland not want to annex Hawaii?
President Cleveland felt that his country had unethically treated Queen Liliuokalani and her people. Hawaii held more Chinese and Japanese immigrants than whites and Hawaiians therefore Cleveland felt bad that such a great country would be bullying smaller country.
Cubans Rise in Revolt
Know: General Weyler
3. What was happening in Cuba that caused Americans to be concerned?
The Americans wanted to control cuba because it was close to the panama canal. Lodge said that whoever controlled cuba controlled the entire gulf of Mexico. When the Cubans revolted because of American tariffs, Americans wanted to be involved because there were a lot of economic potential in cuba. Also, When General Weyler came and created concentration camps, American journalists such as Hearst and Pulitzer started yellow journalism, a type of journalism where the facts were stretched, a short of propaganda used to influence the ideas of the people. Another even was the Maine Battleship, which mysteriously blew up. Americans blamed the Cubans without evidence.
Dewey's May Day Victory at Manila
Know: Teddy Roosevelt, George Dewey
4. Why did Commodore Dewey have such an easy victory over the Spanish fleet at the Philippines?
Dewey attacked Manila at night due to the urging of Roosevelt, who wanted to attack Spain’s territories, Dewey, from Hong Kong, had 6 war ships while the Spanish only had 10 weak ships. He also had the element of surprise.
The Confused Invasion of Cuba
Know: Rough Riders, Teddy Roosevelt, San Juan Hill
5. Describe the fighting in Cuba.
Most soldiers in Cuba died from disease rather than fighting due to poor medication. If the Cubans held it out longer, they probably could have won because the health status of American armies were so poor that they could have collapsed at any moment. Nonetheless, the rough riders attacked but were poorly prepared. They eventually drowned their own horses. The only American success was the attack of the American navy, which destroyed the Spanish “armada” and caused Spain to sign an armistice.
America's Course (Curse?) of Empire
Know: Anti-Imperialist League
6. What were the arguments for and against the annexation of the Philippines?
Americans wanted to convert the Philipinos Christian, to convert them to make them better. They were also afraid that Germany would take the Philippines and felt a moral obligation to protect “lesser” countries. Those against annexation argued that it destroyed the Monroe Doctrine and it was very far away from America’s normal territories. If there was a war there, America would have a disadvantage.
Makers of America: The Puerto Ricans
7. How has U.S. citizenship caused Puerto Ricans to be different from other immigrants?
Because Puerto Rico is very close to America, Puerto Ricans can keep their cultural ties while having the benefits of American citizenship. Despite this, their English proficiency is far below average and they constantly face racism. They remain one of the poorest minority groups in America.
Perplexities in Puerto Rico and Cuba
Know: Insular Cases, General Leonard Wood, Walter Reed, Platt Amendment, Guantanamo
8. Describe American treatment of Cuba after the Spanish-American War.
Puerto Rico was given partial independence through the Foraker Act and full US citizenship was given in 1917. Even though there were improvements in sanitation, transportation and other areas, controversies about the Puerto Rican citizenship status broke out in the Insular cases, where the Supreme court declared that American laws and customs do not apply to new lands.
New Horizons in Two Hemispheres
9. What were the outcomes of the Spanish-American War?
The Spanish American war led other great European powers to finally recognize America as a fellow world power. Past southern confederates finally felt united with the rest of the country and American patriotism increased.
"Little Brown Brothers" in the Philippines
Know: William Howard Taft, Benevolent Assimilation
10. In what way do the Philippines show the good and bad sides of American imperialism?
American government strengthened the infrastructure, public health, trade, and schools in the Philippines. The bad side was that America used cruel punishments such as the water cure, set up prison camps similar to Weyler’s in Cuba, and attacked people who simply wanted freedom.
Hinging the Open Door in China
Know: Boxer Rebellion
11. Was American involvement in China beneficial to China?
China had a closed system but John Hay, along with other Europeans, created the Open door policy without consulting with the Chinese. Europeans wanted the natural resources which were abundant in china and they wanted to have free trade with all ports of china. This led to the Boxer Rebellion but the Chinese lost and had to pay war fees. Now, all ports had to be open for European trade.
Makers of America: The Filipinos
12. Were Filipino immigrants welcomed with open arms in America? Explain.
Yes and no. Because Chinese immigration was banned, American industries need to find cheap labor, and they found it with Filipino immigrants. They were however treated with racism. If a Filipino man looked at a Caucasian woman, they would be attacked.
Imperialism or Bryanism in 1900?
13. What issues were important in the 1900 election?
Bryan attacked imperialism while McKinley attacked “Bryanism.” People were already tired of the subject of imperialism. McKinley used an ad Hominum attack that caused people to afraid of the decline in America’s prosperity.
TR: Brandisher of the Big Stick
Know: Big Stick, Bully Pulpit
14. Give evidence to show that Teddy Roosevelt was an unconventional president?
Teddy was willing to use military force to intimidate smaller countries, also known as his Big stick policy. This was seen as aggressive and very similar to a bully. He was an imperialist and he was willing to threaten to get what he wanted, something previous presidents did not do.
Building the Panama Canal
Know: Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, Philippe Bunau-Varilla, George Washington Goethals, William C. Gorgas
15. Why was the Panama route chosen for the canal?
America wanted a canal that would put an end of America’s naval weakness and boost business. Nicaragua was the initial choice but the eruption of Mt. Pelée caused them to relocate. Engineer Philippe Bunaue-Varilla caught a bargain for the price of the canal and persuaded American government to try out Panama.
TR's Perversion of Monroe's Doctrine
Know: Roosevelt Corollary, Dominican Republic, Bad Neighbor
16. Explain the similarities and differences between the Monroe Doctrine and the Roosevelt Corollary?
The Monroe Doctrine said that European countries cannot colonize any lands near American territory, and America will not colonize any lands near outside of the North American region. Roosevelt’s corollary was added on to the Monroe Doctrine, which stated that America has the right to be preventative, to do an act before hand for preparation. They are willing to act first and colonize other countries before something bad happens.
Roosevelt on the World Stage
Know: Russo-Japanese War, Portsmouth
17. How did Teddy Roosevelt win the Nobel Peace Prize?
When there was tension between Japan and Russia, TR jumped in and made an agreement. This resulted in the treaty at Portsmouth, NH, Where Russia got only half of Sakhalin Island and Japan got part of Korea. Both countries were unhappy and American relations with the two countries were strained.
Japanese Laborers in California
Know: Gentlemen’s Agreement, Great White Fleet
18. How did a school board in California act in a way that first hurt and then helped American-Japanese relations?
San Francisco schools ordered a segregation of Chinese, Japanese, and Korean students. This quickly ended with the Gentlemen’s Agreement ,which repealed the segregation policy. Roosevelt, eager to mend the tensions between America and Japan, had the navy go on a worldwide tour called the “Great While fleet.” This resulted in the Root-Takahira agreement, where both nations promised to respect one another.
Varying Viewpoints: Why did America Become a World Power?
19. What caused America's foray into imperialism? Defend your opinion.
I think the reason that America became a world power was that they experienced a lot of prosperity over the years. American business leaders have become the richest in the world and industry has bloomed. It was well time that America became a world power.
Chapter #30 Identifications
George Creel
This was the man who headed the committee of propaganda in America. He was so successful that patriotic Americans went into the war believing they were the strongest nation.
Bernard Baruch
Leader of the war Industries Board was Baruch. He supported the belief in Laissez Faire.
Henry Cabot Lodge
He was the chairman of the Senate Foreign relations committee. Wilson despised him and he tried to pass a treaty that went against Wilson’s fourteen points.
James M. Cox
James M. cox was a democratic Ohio governor who was for the league of nations.
Self-Determination
This was Wilson’s belief that all countries should have the right to vote and determine what system their country would have. This supported the idea of democracy in America.
Collective security
This was the idea that allied countries should help one another when in need.
Normalcy
This was Harding’s idea that America should take a break from Wilsonian high-mindedness and return to normalcy.
Zimmerman Note
This was a telegram intercepted by Americans. It was sent from Germany to Mexico stating that Germany would help Mexico if it attacked America. This note was one of the main causes for America’s joining of the World War.
Fourteen Points
These were Wilson’s points directed and maintaining peace between nations. They were rejected because most European countries wanted revenge for the war and someone to blame. They were not very well received in America either.
League of Nations
This was another one of Wilson’s ideas to maintain peace. Britain and France eventually accepted the League of Nations but America did not even join because the Republicans were against it, especially Lodge.
Committee on Public Information
This committee was led by creel. They used propagandist techniques to build up war morale and American pride.
Espionage and Sedition Acts
These acts went against the First amendment and were created to prosecute spies and protect the government, not the people.
Industrial Workers of the World
These people did not want war and were against the Espionage act of 1917. They supported the workers unions and were angry that now they had to work more for les money.
War Industries Board
The war industries board was chaired by Taft and head off labor disputes that might hamper the war effort for the employees.
Nineteenth Amendment
This amendment gave women the right to vote. Wilson was one of the first president to actually advocate for women’s rights.
Food Administration
The Food administration was supported by Hoover and relied on voluntary efforts. They suggested that Americans have their own victory gardens.
Irreconcilables
Irreconcilable senators followed Wilson’s tour through the country. They were Borah and Johnson.
Treaty of Versailles
The treaty officially ended the war and was signed in Paris France. Lodge’s goal was to protect the Monroe Doctrine, the constitution, and retain America’s right to rule herself.
Chapter #30 Guided Reading Questions
War by Act of Germany
Know: "Peace without Victory," Unlimited Submarine Warfare, Arthur Zimmermann
1. What events led Woodrow Wilson to ask Congress to declare war?
The Germans were participating in unlimited submarine Warfare, which eventually lead to the sinking of the Lusitania. Germans claimed that there were weapons on the ship, which the Americans denied. Also, the Zimmermann telegram was published in newspapers across the nation. This showed Germany’s efforts to support Mexican revolution and war against America.
Wilsonian Idealism Enthroned
Know: Jeannette Rankin
2. Name Wilson’s twin war aims. How did these set America apart from the other combatants?
Wilson wanted the world to be safe for democracy and free for all people. While Wilson was advocating for peace, other nations were fighting for land and territory.
Wilson’s Fourteen Potent Points
Know: Fourteen Points
3. List several of Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
Some of Wilson’s points were: Abolish secret treaties, freedom of the seas, removal of economic barriers between nations, reduction of armaments, changing colonial claims to help both colonizers and native peoples, self-determination, where groups chose their governments themselves, and the League of Nations.
Creel Manipulates Minds
Know: Committee on Public Information, George Creel, Four-minute Men, The Hun, Over There
4. How were Americans motivated to help in the war effort?
Americans were exposed to propaganda, wonderfully used by George creel through war posters, radio shows, speeches, leaflets, pamphlets, movies, and songs. 75000 four minute men were sent across the country to give out patriotic speeches. Americans began to have lofty ideas and increased pride in their country and who they were.
Enforcing Loyalty and Stifling Dissent
Know: Liberty Cabbage, Espionage Act, Sedition Act, Eugene V. Debs, William D. Haywood
5. How was loyalty forced during WWI?
Two antiforeign laws were passed to stifle dissent. The espionage Act of 1917 was created to find all spies and prosecute them. Some of them were Eugene V. Debs, a socialist leader, industrial workers of the world, and William D. Haywood. The Sedition Act of 1918 prosecuted anyone who engaged in seditious acts and pushed the boundaries of the First amendment. They were very similar to the Alien and Sedition acts of 1790.
The Nation’s Factories Go to War
Know: Bernard Baruch, War Industries Board
6. Why was it difficult to mobilize industry for the war effort?
Not many people knew about how war would go and there was reluctance by stes-rights advocates who didn’t want the government to butt into their business. Americans clung to their laissez-faire. In response, Baruch, the leader of the war industries Board, helped mobilize the industry.
Workers in Wartime
Know: "Work or Fight," National War Labor Board, Wobblies
7. How did the war affect the labor movement?
The government started a “work or fight” policy, where men who didn’t work went into the army. Taft was the leader of the National War Labor Board that settled worker disputes, kept the workers in place, and organize labor unions.
Suffering Until Suffrage
Know: NAWSA, 19th Amendment, Women’s Bureau
8. How did the war affect women?
Because the men were at war, many women took jobs and proved that women were just as capable as men. They could perform the same jobs and perhaps even do them better than men can. This ignited the feminist movement and the National American Woman Suffrage Association was created. This urged women to engage in the war effort. They gained the support of Wilson. The Nineteenth amendment was finally pasted and the Women’s Bureau emerged to protect women’s rights.
Forging a War Economy
Know: Food Administration, Herbert Hoover, Meatless Tuesdays, Eighteenth Amendment, Heatless Mondays, Liberty Bonds
9. Did government become too intrusive in people’s lives during the war? Give examples to support your answer.
The government did begin looking to change the lifestyles of everyday men and women. For example, the government did not want any grains to be wasted on making alcohol. They started the prohibition movement and passed the Eighteenth amendment, which prohibited alcoholic drinks. Another example would be the Fuel administration, which encouraged families to save fuel by having “heatless Mondays.”
Making Plowboys into Doughboys
10. Was the government’s effort to raise an army fair and effective?
No, they created a draft started by the selective service act, which was unusual because a draft had not been used since the civil war. All men ages 18-45 were required to register and they could not pay their way out of it, unlike the civil war. Women served in the military and troops were not given proper training before they were thrown into the battle fields.
Fighting in France--Belatedly
11. How were American troops used in Russia?
American troops first served as replacements but later began traveling to Belgium, Italy, and Russia to prevent Russia from falling into the hands of Germany. Russians did not like this because they felt that the capitalists Americans were ruining their communist experiment. Other troops went to Siberia to hold off Japanese troops.
America Helps Hammer the Hun
Know: Marshal Foch, John J. Pershing, Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Alvin York
12. Describe the effect of the American troops on the fighting.
Americans helped the Ally offensive. Their main roles were stopping Germany’s attack on Paris, boosting morale, and providing supplies. They defeated the Germans at Belleau Wood and the Meuse-Argonne offensive. Ally victory was nearing due to the American war effort.
The Fourteen Points Disarm Germany
Know: Armistice
13. What role did America play in bringing Germany to surrender?
Wilson’s 14 points forced the Kaiser to step down, abdicate, and flee to Holland. The day of armistice became known as Armistice day, aka Veterans Day. He created the fourteen points and convinced Germans that the Allies would be merciful in their treaty.
Wilson Steps Down from Olympus
Know: Henry Cabot Lodge
14. What political mistakes hurt Wilson in the months following the armistice?
Wilson decided to travel personally to Europe peace talks and this made him seem like he was showing off. He did not invite a single republican, not even Lodge, the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations committee. This cause the republicans to be very bitter.
The Idealist Battles the Imperialists in Paris
Know: Vittorio Orlando, David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, League of Nations
15. How did Wilson’s desire for the League of Nations affect his bargaining at the peace conference?
Wilson wanted a League of Nations to end all wars. Britain and France wanted revenge. Britian and France finally agreed with the League and Wilson agreed with punishment. Therefore, it resulted in the War Guilt clause, which stated that the blame of the war was formally placed on Germany, and Germany had to pay the costs of the war, $33 billion.
Hammering Out the Treaty
Know: William Borah, Hiram Johnson, Irreconcilables
16. What compromises did Wilson make at the peace conference?
Wilson had to let France occupy the region for 16 years and then let the people vote, (they eventually voted for Germany.) The Security Treaty stated that US and England would come to France’s aid if they needed help. Italy got the strategic seaport of Fiume and Japan took china’s Shuantung Peninsula.
The Peace Treaty That Bred a New War
Know: Treaty of Versailles
17. For what reasons did Wilson compromise his 14 Points?
Wilson had to compromise his original 23 points (only 4 were passed) because each winning ally had a different opinion about what they wanted to do with GErmnay. Most of them were against Wilson’s 14 points because they wanted revenge. They felt the full effects of the war while America only suffered a little.
The Domestic Parade of Prejudice
18. Why was the treaty criticized back in America?
The treaty was hated because many people wanted to adhere to Washington’s idea of no foreign entanglements. Extremists such as Rabid Hun-haters said that the treaty was not harsh enough. Liberals such as NY Nation said that it was too harsh. Hyphenated Americans were angry that the treaty was not favorable to native lands. The Irish was against it because it gave power to Britain, the hated ruler of Ireland.
Wilson’s Tour and Collapse (1919)
19. What was the purpose and result of Wilson’s trip around the country when he returned to America?
Wilson wanted to have a tour to explain his treaty so that the people would be more favorable to it. The Midwest did not receive his tour well because many were Germans. The Rocky mountains area and the Pacific coast were more open to Wilson’s ideas because they were on the coast and therefore more open to foreign ideas and relations.
Defeat Through Deadlock
20. Why was the treaty finally rejected?
Lodge added things to Wilson’s treaty, making it unbearable for Wilson. The treaty went to senate 2 times but it was denied both times because Wilson told his fellow Democrats to shut it down. The defeat was basically caused by the Lodge-Wilson personal feud.
The "Solemn Referendum" of 1920
Know: Warren Harding, James M. Cox, Normalcy
21. What did the results of the 1920 election indicate?
The results showed that the Republicans had reorganized and appealed to all types of Americans. The death of Roosevelt woke up the Republicans and led them to draw a party platform that appealed to both those for and against the League of Nations.
The Betrayal of Great Expectations
22. How much should the U.S. be blamed for the failure of the Treaty of Versailles?
America’s isolationism led to these events: France, without military aide, went ahead and built a massive military without anyone to check them. Germans suffered terribly and were open to any ideas, even those of Hitler. Without US interference, Germany could re-arm themselves easily.
Varying Viewpoints: Woodrow Wilson: Realist or Idealist?
Know: Realism, Idealism, Wilsonianism
23. To what extent was Wilson realistic when he called for a world of cooperation, equality and justice among nations?
Wilson was a realist I believe because he saw what would happen if there was no cooperation or equality. He knew the bitterness inside the souls of the people and understood that if there was no communication between countries, war would result.