Chapter 37 Study Guide
Earl Warren
-chief justice who headed the warren court and judged the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka in 1954
Rosa Parks
- African American woman who refused to give up her bus seat to white riders. She was arrested and influenced the Montgomery Bus Boycott
Ho Chi Minh
-Vietnamese leader who first wanted self-determination but later became more communist
Ngo Dinh Diem
-Leader of the non-communist South Vietnam government
Gamal Abdel Nasser
-Egyptian nationalist who first had U.S. and British Aide to build a dam on the Nile. After he got engaged in communism, he was refused the offer and he took over the Suez Canal.
Nikita Khruschev
-Russian leader who spoke to UN about complete Societ disarmament. He spoke of evacuating Berlin but refused to later after the U-2 incident
Fidel Castro
-cuban communist leader who overthrew Batista and had support from Russia
Desegregation / integration
-The idea of integration the races, African Americans and white Americans
massive retaliation
-new foreign policy of Secretary of State John Foster, to go beyond containment and to liberate countries already taken over
military-industrial complex
-Secretary of State John Foster’s idea of cutting back on military spending, but focusing more on building nuclear weapon-carrying bombers.
Brown v. Board of Education
- case in Topeka Kansas that stated that segregated public schools were unconstitutional and should be integrated with all deliberate speed. Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson case.
Geneva Conference
-conference that split Vietnam in half at the 17th parallel into north communist and south non communist.
South East Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)
-very similar to NATO, created by Sec. Dulles but didn’t really do anything.
Hungarian Revolt
-When the Hungarians revolted against the communists, the Soviets crushed the rebellion and US gave no aid at all.
Suez Crisis
After US and Britain refused to help Nassar build a dam on the Nile, he took over the Suez canal and threatened the oil supply in the west.
Eisenhower Doctrine
-promised to help the middle East if they were attacked by communism
Sputnik
-first ever satellite in orbit. It was placed in space by the Russians and started the space race.
National Defense and Education Act — (NDEA)
-prompted by the space race, this act provided millions of dollars in college loans to teach science and math.
U-2 Incident
-Right after the cold war seemed to die down, the American U-2 spy plane down by the Russians. The summit at Paris fell apart.
Chapter #37 Guided Reading Questions
Affluence and Its Anxieties
Know: IBM, Information Age, Ozzie and Harriet, The Feminine Mystique
1. What was life like for women in the 1950's?
The International business machines helped expand technologies for businesses. The Information age begun and the IBM was the prototype of high-tech corporations. Ozzie and Harriet was a t.v. show that depicted idyllic suburban families with a working husband, 2 children, and a wife that did not work. This was ironic because many women during this time had white collar jobs. Women became both homeworkers and workers. The Feminine Mystique was a book that launched the modern women’s movement.
Consumer Culture in the Fifties
Know: Diner's Club, McDonald's, Disneyland, Television, Elvis Presley, Marilyn Monroe, Playboy, The Affluent Society
2. How was popular culture changing and reflecting America?
The Diner’s club introduced the plastic credit card just a year after McDonald’s hamburger opened in San Bernardino. Disneyland opened in Anaheim, California and television in the 1950s became a normal household appliance in American households. Elvis Presley changed the music culture and turned the music industry to be altered toward the younger generation. Marilyn Monroe and Playboy magazine heightened this movement. Galbraith questioned the relation between private wealth and public good in the Affluent Society.
The Advent of Eisenhower
Know: Adlai E. Stevenson, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Checkers Speech
3. Describe the 1952 presidential election.
Adlai E. Stevenson was only half- heartedly nominated by the Democrats while Eisenhower was enthusiastically chosen as a war hero of America. In the checkers speech, where he shamelessly referred to the family cocker spaniel, checks to get pity votes.
The Rise and Fall of Joseph McCarthy
Know: Joseph McCarthy
4. Joseph McCarthy may have been more dangerous to our form of government than any communists who might have been in the country. Explain.
Anticommunist Republican, McCarthy unjustly attacked 205 supposedly communist members of Dean Acheson to get rid of the democrats. He did the most damage to American traditions of fair play and free speech.
Desegregating American Society
Know: Jim Crow Laws, Emmett Till, Jackie Robinson, NAACP, Thurgood Marshall, Rosa Parks, Montgomery Bus Boycott, Martin Luther King Jr.
5. What conditions in the South brought about the beginnings of the Civil Rights movement?
The African americans were tired of being tied down by the Jim crow Laws. It even went as far as a white mob lynching a black fourteen-year-old Emmett Till for allegedly leering at a white woman. Jack Roosevelt was the first to break the racial barrier in baseball when the Brooklyn Dodgers signed him. The national Association for the Advancement of colored people was created to dismantle the legal underpinnings of segregation. Thurgood Marshall was the first supreme court justice. Rosa Parks made history when he started the Montgomery Bus Boycott with Martin Luther King Jr.
Seeds of the Civil Rights Revolution
Know: Earl Warren, Brown v. Board of Education, All Deliberate Speed, Little Rock Central High School, Southern Christian Leadership Conference, Sit-ins, Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee
6. Why was Brown v. Board of Education a landmark case?
The Brown vs. Board of Education in the Warren court was a land mark cause because the justices ruled that segregation in public schools was inherently unequal and thus unconstitutional. It revered the Plessy v. Ferguson case that supported separate but equal ideas. It was first integration at Little Rock central High School. Blacks continued to make a stand by having sit-ins later led by the Student Non-violent coordinating committee.
Makers of America: The Great African-American Migration
7. Why did African Americans move north and west in the 1930's and 40's?
Many African Americans moved north and west because of the Great War. Most of them became tenants or sharecroppers and many left because of the Great Depression.
Eisenhower Republicanism at Home
Know: Dynamic Conservatism, Creeping Socialism, Interstate Highway Act, AFL-CIO
8. Did Eisenhower live up to his philosophy of dynamic conservatism?
Dynamic conservatism was that you must be liberal when dealing with people but conservative when dealing with money. Eisenhower wanted to guard the republic from creeping socialism. He supported the public works project of the New Dealers and created the interstate Highway Act of 1956.
A “New Look” in Foreign Policy
Know: John Foster Dulles, Strategic Air Command, Massive Retaliation, Military-industrial Complex
9. Was Eisenhower's policy of massive retaliation effective? Explain.
The new look was not very successful because Khrushchec rejected Ike’s call for an open skies mutual inspection program over both the USSR and the United States. Also, the weapons needed for massive retaliation was extremely expensive.
The Vietnam Nightmare
Know: Ho Chi Minh, Dienbienphu, Ngo Dinh Diem, Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
10. How did the United States get involved in Vietnam?
Back in 1919, Ho chi Minh wanted to appeal to Wilson to support self-determination but they became extremely communist while America was becoming extremely anti-communist.
Cold War Crises in Europe and the Middle East
Know: Shah of Iran, Gamal Abdel Nasser, The Suez Crisis, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Country
11. Why was the U.S. concerned about problems in the Middle East?
US relied heavily on oil from the Middle East. They had the cia help to engineer a coup that installed the shah of Iran, Pahlevi, as a kind of dictator. This secured oil for the rest but it brought a lot of resentment later. Egyptian president Nasser caused more issues with America with the Suez crisis. It was the first time the UN had to send in to maintain order. The Organization of Petroleum exporting countries tightened the western economies.
Round Two for "Ike"
Know: Teamsters, Jimmy Hoffa, Landrum-Griffin Act, , Missile Gap, National Defense and Education Act
12. What labor problems became evident during Eisenhower's second term?
The Teamsters of the AF of L chose leaders such as James R. Hoffa who used gangsterism and fraud to lead unions. Eisenhower created the Landrum-Griffin Act which was designed to bring labor leaders to book for financial shenanigans and to prevent bullying tactics. It prohibited secondary boycotts.
The Continuing Cold War
Know: U-2 Spy Plane
13. Describe efforts at disarmament during the Eisenhower administration.
In 1958, Washington halted both underground and atmospheric testing. Russia and US agreed to have a summit conference and the famous camp David. Efforts for disarmament was flushed away nonetheless when the American U-2 Spy Plane was shot down in Russian territory.
Cuba's Castroism Spells Communism
Know: Fulgencio Batista, Fidel Castro
14. Why was revolution in Cuba such a concern to America?
It was a huge concern because Cuba was extremely close to Florida, American land. Fidel Castro sought Russian help and if anything were to happen between America and Cuba, Russia would surely be involved.
Kennedy Challenges Nixon for the Presidency
Know: Richard Nixon, Kitchen Debate, John Kennedy, New Frontier
15. Was Nixon a good presidential candidate in 1960?
Nixon was a ruthless opportunist but he was also a very mature and experienced politician. Nixon was known for the Kitchen Debate with Khrushchev in Moscow in 1959 and therefore easily won the republican nomination.
An Old General Fades Away
Know: Alaska, Hawaii
16. Evaluate Eisenhower's presidency.
Overall, Eisenhower was admired and respected for his dignity and decency. America was very prosperous in the Einsen hower years and Alaska as well as Hawaii gained statehood. They were the first noncontiguous states to join the union.
The Life of the Mind in Postwar America
Know: Catch-22, Arthur Miller, Catcher in the Rye, George Orwell
17. What do the books and plays of the post-war period say about the times in which they were produced?
At first, writers wrote in a very realistic manner but later on, authors such as Joseph Heller wrote about war in a very fantastic and surrealistic manner. Satire and imagination characterized most of these works. The growth of American prosperity was shown the novels such as Rabbit, Run.
-chief justice who headed the warren court and judged the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka in 1954
Rosa Parks
- African American woman who refused to give up her bus seat to white riders. She was arrested and influenced the Montgomery Bus Boycott
Ho Chi Minh
-Vietnamese leader who first wanted self-determination but later became more communist
Ngo Dinh Diem
-Leader of the non-communist South Vietnam government
Gamal Abdel Nasser
-Egyptian nationalist who first had U.S. and British Aide to build a dam on the Nile. After he got engaged in communism, he was refused the offer and he took over the Suez Canal.
Nikita Khruschev
-Russian leader who spoke to UN about complete Societ disarmament. He spoke of evacuating Berlin but refused to later after the U-2 incident
Fidel Castro
-cuban communist leader who overthrew Batista and had support from Russia
Desegregation / integration
-The idea of integration the races, African Americans and white Americans
massive retaliation
-new foreign policy of Secretary of State John Foster, to go beyond containment and to liberate countries already taken over
military-industrial complex
-Secretary of State John Foster’s idea of cutting back on military spending, but focusing more on building nuclear weapon-carrying bombers.
Brown v. Board of Education
- case in Topeka Kansas that stated that segregated public schools were unconstitutional and should be integrated with all deliberate speed. Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson case.
Geneva Conference
-conference that split Vietnam in half at the 17th parallel into north communist and south non communist.
South East Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)
-very similar to NATO, created by Sec. Dulles but didn’t really do anything.
Hungarian Revolt
-When the Hungarians revolted against the communists, the Soviets crushed the rebellion and US gave no aid at all.
Suez Crisis
After US and Britain refused to help Nassar build a dam on the Nile, he took over the Suez canal and threatened the oil supply in the west.
Eisenhower Doctrine
-promised to help the middle East if they were attacked by communism
Sputnik
-first ever satellite in orbit. It was placed in space by the Russians and started the space race.
National Defense and Education Act — (NDEA)
-prompted by the space race, this act provided millions of dollars in college loans to teach science and math.
U-2 Incident
-Right after the cold war seemed to die down, the American U-2 spy plane down by the Russians. The summit at Paris fell apart.
Chapter #37 Guided Reading Questions
Affluence and Its Anxieties
Know: IBM, Information Age, Ozzie and Harriet, The Feminine Mystique
1. What was life like for women in the 1950's?
The International business machines helped expand technologies for businesses. The Information age begun and the IBM was the prototype of high-tech corporations. Ozzie and Harriet was a t.v. show that depicted idyllic suburban families with a working husband, 2 children, and a wife that did not work. This was ironic because many women during this time had white collar jobs. Women became both homeworkers and workers. The Feminine Mystique was a book that launched the modern women’s movement.
Consumer Culture in the Fifties
Know: Diner's Club, McDonald's, Disneyland, Television, Elvis Presley, Marilyn Monroe, Playboy, The Affluent Society
2. How was popular culture changing and reflecting America?
The Diner’s club introduced the plastic credit card just a year after McDonald’s hamburger opened in San Bernardino. Disneyland opened in Anaheim, California and television in the 1950s became a normal household appliance in American households. Elvis Presley changed the music culture and turned the music industry to be altered toward the younger generation. Marilyn Monroe and Playboy magazine heightened this movement. Galbraith questioned the relation between private wealth and public good in the Affluent Society.
The Advent of Eisenhower
Know: Adlai E. Stevenson, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Checkers Speech
3. Describe the 1952 presidential election.
Adlai E. Stevenson was only half- heartedly nominated by the Democrats while Eisenhower was enthusiastically chosen as a war hero of America. In the checkers speech, where he shamelessly referred to the family cocker spaniel, checks to get pity votes.
The Rise and Fall of Joseph McCarthy
Know: Joseph McCarthy
4. Joseph McCarthy may have been more dangerous to our form of government than any communists who might have been in the country. Explain.
Anticommunist Republican, McCarthy unjustly attacked 205 supposedly communist members of Dean Acheson to get rid of the democrats. He did the most damage to American traditions of fair play and free speech.
Desegregating American Society
Know: Jim Crow Laws, Emmett Till, Jackie Robinson, NAACP, Thurgood Marshall, Rosa Parks, Montgomery Bus Boycott, Martin Luther King Jr.
5. What conditions in the South brought about the beginnings of the Civil Rights movement?
The African americans were tired of being tied down by the Jim crow Laws. It even went as far as a white mob lynching a black fourteen-year-old Emmett Till for allegedly leering at a white woman. Jack Roosevelt was the first to break the racial barrier in baseball when the Brooklyn Dodgers signed him. The national Association for the Advancement of colored people was created to dismantle the legal underpinnings of segregation. Thurgood Marshall was the first supreme court justice. Rosa Parks made history when he started the Montgomery Bus Boycott with Martin Luther King Jr.
Seeds of the Civil Rights Revolution
Know: Earl Warren, Brown v. Board of Education, All Deliberate Speed, Little Rock Central High School, Southern Christian Leadership Conference, Sit-ins, Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee
6. Why was Brown v. Board of Education a landmark case?
The Brown vs. Board of Education in the Warren court was a land mark cause because the justices ruled that segregation in public schools was inherently unequal and thus unconstitutional. It revered the Plessy v. Ferguson case that supported separate but equal ideas. It was first integration at Little Rock central High School. Blacks continued to make a stand by having sit-ins later led by the Student Non-violent coordinating committee.
Makers of America: The Great African-American Migration
7. Why did African Americans move north and west in the 1930's and 40's?
Many African Americans moved north and west because of the Great War. Most of them became tenants or sharecroppers and many left because of the Great Depression.
Eisenhower Republicanism at Home
Know: Dynamic Conservatism, Creeping Socialism, Interstate Highway Act, AFL-CIO
8. Did Eisenhower live up to his philosophy of dynamic conservatism?
Dynamic conservatism was that you must be liberal when dealing with people but conservative when dealing with money. Eisenhower wanted to guard the republic from creeping socialism. He supported the public works project of the New Dealers and created the interstate Highway Act of 1956.
A “New Look” in Foreign Policy
Know: John Foster Dulles, Strategic Air Command, Massive Retaliation, Military-industrial Complex
9. Was Eisenhower's policy of massive retaliation effective? Explain.
The new look was not very successful because Khrushchec rejected Ike’s call for an open skies mutual inspection program over both the USSR and the United States. Also, the weapons needed for massive retaliation was extremely expensive.
The Vietnam Nightmare
Know: Ho Chi Minh, Dienbienphu, Ngo Dinh Diem, Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
10. How did the United States get involved in Vietnam?
Back in 1919, Ho chi Minh wanted to appeal to Wilson to support self-determination but they became extremely communist while America was becoming extremely anti-communist.
Cold War Crises in Europe and the Middle East
Know: Shah of Iran, Gamal Abdel Nasser, The Suez Crisis, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Country
11. Why was the U.S. concerned about problems in the Middle East?
US relied heavily on oil from the Middle East. They had the cia help to engineer a coup that installed the shah of Iran, Pahlevi, as a kind of dictator. This secured oil for the rest but it brought a lot of resentment later. Egyptian president Nasser caused more issues with America with the Suez crisis. It was the first time the UN had to send in to maintain order. The Organization of Petroleum exporting countries tightened the western economies.
Round Two for "Ike"
Know: Teamsters, Jimmy Hoffa, Landrum-Griffin Act, , Missile Gap, National Defense and Education Act
12. What labor problems became evident during Eisenhower's second term?
The Teamsters of the AF of L chose leaders such as James R. Hoffa who used gangsterism and fraud to lead unions. Eisenhower created the Landrum-Griffin Act which was designed to bring labor leaders to book for financial shenanigans and to prevent bullying tactics. It prohibited secondary boycotts.
The Continuing Cold War
Know: U-2 Spy Plane
13. Describe efforts at disarmament during the Eisenhower administration.
In 1958, Washington halted both underground and atmospheric testing. Russia and US agreed to have a summit conference and the famous camp David. Efforts for disarmament was flushed away nonetheless when the American U-2 Spy Plane was shot down in Russian territory.
Cuba's Castroism Spells Communism
Know: Fulgencio Batista, Fidel Castro
14. Why was revolution in Cuba such a concern to America?
It was a huge concern because Cuba was extremely close to Florida, American land. Fidel Castro sought Russian help and if anything were to happen between America and Cuba, Russia would surely be involved.
Kennedy Challenges Nixon for the Presidency
Know: Richard Nixon, Kitchen Debate, John Kennedy, New Frontier
15. Was Nixon a good presidential candidate in 1960?
Nixon was a ruthless opportunist but he was also a very mature and experienced politician. Nixon was known for the Kitchen Debate with Khrushchev in Moscow in 1959 and therefore easily won the republican nomination.
An Old General Fades Away
Know: Alaska, Hawaii
16. Evaluate Eisenhower's presidency.
Overall, Eisenhower was admired and respected for his dignity and decency. America was very prosperous in the Einsen hower years and Alaska as well as Hawaii gained statehood. They were the first noncontiguous states to join the union.
The Life of the Mind in Postwar America
Know: Catch-22, Arthur Miller, Catcher in the Rye, George Orwell
17. What do the books and plays of the post-war period say about the times in which they were produced?
At first, writers wrote in a very realistic manner but later on, authors such as Joseph Heller wrote about war in a very fantastic and surrealistic manner. Satire and imagination characterized most of these works. The growth of American prosperity was shown the novels such as Rabbit, Run.