ch. 31, 32, 33 Study Guide
Chapter #31 Identifications
A. Mitchell Palmer
Instigated the Red Scare by arresting over 6000 people. Many were deported.
John T. Scopes
Scopes was a biology teacher who broke the Tennessee law that banned the teaching of evolution. HE was sued by the state. Was finally convicted.
Clarence Darrow
Man who argued for evolution in the Scopes Monkey Trial. He was an expert trial lawyer and out smarted Bryan.
Andrew Mellon
Mellon was the treasury secretary who had low tax policies that helped encourage the growth of the economy.
Frederick W. Taylor
Man who promoted efficiency in production by using the stop watch on workers, eliminating wasted movements, to finally quicken production time.
Margaret Sanger
Sanger was the woman who promoted birth control for women, a novel and new idea during this time period.
H. L. Mencken
Mencken was the writer of American Monthly who used wit and biting criticism to attack every aspect of society.
F. Scott Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald became famous when he wrote “This side of paradise” and “The Great Gatsby.” His stories focused on the glamour of the 20’s.
Ernest Hemingway
Hemingway wrote The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms. He also incorporated the same ideas a Fitzgerald, of people partying and looking for love.
Sinclair Lewis
Lewis wrote about a small American town in the book Main Street and also wrote about 20’s materialism and consumerism in the Babbitt.
Buying on Margin
Buying on Margin was when people bought items with borrowed money. Using only 10% was paid with the other 90% was borrowed. This lead to the financial crisis of the early 30s also was the precursor of over speculation.
Red Scare
The Red Scare was America’s fear of communism. It was incited by the Russian revolution, the increase in power of the socialists under Eugene Debs, strikes and mail bombs. It caused many Americans to shun foreigners.
Sacco and Vanzetti Case
Italian immigrants, Nicola Scco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were accused of murder however even though they had some evidence going against their case, people concluded that they were only convicted because of their race. They were eventually executed.
Emergency Quota Act 1921
This lowered the number of incoming immigrants to 3% of their nationality’s US population in the 1910s. It favored New Immigrants instead of blocking them so the government created a new act.
Immigration Quota Act 1924
This was an act created after the Emergency Quota Act to cut the number down to 2% of a group’s population in 1890. They wanted new immigrants out and old immigrants in. Canadians and Latin Americans were not included in the law because they were need to work specific jobs.
Volstead Act
The Volstead Act was passed to carry out the 18th amendment. It was more popular in the south and the west but disliked everywhere else. Americans supported alcohol and hated the idea of a powerful government.
Fundamentalism
Fundamentalism was the idea that all Christians should follow the bible word by word. They were very popular in the “Bible Belt” of the South. They played a role in the Scopes Monkey Trial, where they accused Scopes of teaching evolution.
Modernists
Modernists were people against the idea of old fundamentalism. They wanted new ideas of science and society to be more pronounced in the country.
Chapter #31 Guided Reading Questions
Seeing Red
Know: Billy Sunday, Red Scare, A. Mitchell Palmer, Sacco and Vanzetti
1. Cite examples of actions taken in reaction to the perceived threat of radicals and communists during the red scare.
Americans were extremely afraid of communism taking over . Palmer instigated the Red Scare by arresting over 6000 people. Many were deported. This was also known as the Palmer Raids. Even though Sacco and Vanzetti were probably innocent, they were found guilty only because of their race and America fears of the outside war.
Hooded Hoodlums of the KKK
2. Compare and contrast the new and old Ku Klux Klansmen.
The old KKK focused on aggressions against African Americans. The new KKK slowly began to become anti catholic, Jewish, pacifist, communist, internationalists, revolutionists, bootleggers, gambling, adultery, and birth control. They were only pro WASP, or White Anglo-Saxon protestant and anti everything else.
Stemming the Foreign Flood
Know: Emergency Quota Act, Immigration Act
3. Describe the immigration laws passed in the 1920's.
american democracy and they began targeting those who they believed were a threat to democracy. They passed the Quota act, which limited the number of immigrants from a certain group down to three percent. The Johnson- Reed act further supported the Quota act by lowering the percentage from 3 to 2.
Makers of America: The Poles
Know: Prussian Poles, Russian Poles, Austrian Poles, American Warsaw
4. What factors led Poles to America?
Many people came to America in search of a better life. During this time period, The Russian revolution caused a lot of fear in Russia and more people felt safer in the American democratic government.
The Prohibition "Experiment"
Know: Eighteenth Amendment, Volstead Act, Wet and Dry, Speakeasies, Home Brew, Bathtub Gin, Noble Experiment
5. How and why was the eighteenth amendment broken so frequently?
Prohibition: supported in the south to control African Americans and keep them from "burst[ing] out of their place”, was supported in the West because it attacked western saloons: public drunkenness, prostitution, corruption and crime. This anti-alcohol movement was lead by churches and women. Those who were against it drank at a large scale. alcohol was made illegal by the Eighteenth Amendment. 18th amendment was supported by the Volstead Act, passed by congress-law was hard to enact because many people did not find drinking alcohol something illegal. Most were able to sell alcohol through “speakeasies,” secret bars. Moonshiners, or people who made their own liquor, received good business but were at a threat of serious injuries
The Golden Age of Gangsterism
Know: Al Capone, St. Valentine's Day Massacre, Lindbergh Law
6. What was Gangsterism?
Gangsterism was instigated by the prohibition. It led to organized crime such as gangs. Speakeasies made meeting up easy and Chicago was the leading city for Gangs. The most famous gang leader was Al Capone, a man to was named Public Enemy number one. His estimated gang income was $12 billion and 18 billion, which was several times the income of the Washington government. Congress created the Lindbergh law with made interstate kidnapping punishable by death.
Monkey Business in Tennessee
Know: John Dewey, John T. Scopes, William Jennings Bryan, Clarence Darrow
7. Describe the clash of cultures that took place in schools in the 1920's.
Scopes was a biology teacher who broke the Tennessee law that banned the teaching of evolution. He was sued by the state and was finally convicted. Darrow was the man who argued for evolution in the Scopes Monkey Trial. He was an expert trial lawyer and out smarted Bryan, who died shortly after.
The Mass-Consumption Economy
Know: Andrew Mellon, The Man Nobody Knows, Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey
8. Give evidence to prove that America became a mass-consumption economy in the 20's.
After post world war, Andrew Mellon created low tax policies to help encourage growth. Henry ford perfected the assembly, starting mass consumption. Bruce Barton wrote The Man nobody knows. He said that man was Jesus and he was the best advertiser ever. People began buying things they know they would not need or use. Mass media made America more homogenous, which was great for mass consumption.
Putting America on Rubber Tires
Know: Henry Ford, Frederick W. Taylor, Model T
9. What methods made it possible to mass-produce automobiles?
Taylor promoted efficiency in production by using the stop watch on workers, eliminating wasted movements, to finally quicken production time. Ford perfected the assembly line with his model T car, which was cheap enough for even the average middle class man to buy. They were inexpensive and easy to make.
The Advent of the Gasoline Age
10. What were the effects of the widespread adoption of the automobile?
Cars brought the need for more roads and there was a boom in paving roads and purifying gasoline. Many people began moving into the suburbs because easy far away transportation was guaranteed.
A bad effect of cars is the increase of car crashes. A million people had died in car crashes, more than all wars combined.
Humans Develop Wings
Know: Orville and Wilbur Wright, Charles Lindbergh
11. What effects did the early airplane have on America?
Orville and Wilbur Wright were the first to fly for the first time in North Carolina. Charles Lindbergh was the first to fly solo across the Atlantic ocean. He became a celebrity in America and represented the anti-Jazz age.
The Radio Revolution
12. How did America change as the result of the radio?
The Radio increased mass communication in America and was a new and powerful medium for advertisers. Information was easily spread and people got the news quickly without waiting. Sports teams could follow their favorite sports and the sports industry increased drastically. Politicians could now campaign with a new medium.
Hollywood's Filmland Fantasies
Know: The Great Train Robbery, The Birth of a Nation, The Jazz Singer
13. What were some milestones in the history of motion pictures?
The first full length movie was called the Birth of a Nation, created by D. W. Griffith. The considered first movie however was the Great Train Robbery in 1903. The Jazz Singer was the first movie with sound, also known as “Talkie.”
The Dynamic Decade
Know: Margaret Sanger, Flappers, Sigmund Freud, Jelly Roll Morton, Langston Hughes, Marcus Garvey
14. "Far-reaching changes in lifestyles and values paralleled the dramatic upsurge in the economy." Explain.
The harlem renaissance was the first african American movement. All the other moments in
American history was mostly done by white Americans. African Americans can finally look back
into history and be proud of their accomplishments. Louis Armstrong was a famous trumpeter who changed the history of jazz music. Lance Hughes was one of the most famous poets who became famous not only in the African American circle of poets, he was famous throughout the country for his works. James Weldon Johnson was the leader of the NWACP. Thurgood Marshal was the first African American supreme court justice. Zornel hearsten was a famous Actress and writer who wrote about the African American experience. Bessy smith was a female singer and as the highest paid African American. Duke Ellington was a famous piano player.
Cultural Liberation
Know: H. L. Mencken, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Sinclair Lewis, William Faulkner, Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, e.e. cummings, Eugene O'Neill, Louis Armstrong, Frank Lloyd Wright
15. How did the arts of the 1920's reflect the times?
The Victorian age in American ended and writers began writing more about the freedom of life. Their works reflected the Jazz age and supported ideas of partying and having fun, ideas of the roaring 20’s. The art Deco style of art was spread throughout the country.
Wall Street's Big Bull Market
Know: Margin, Andrew Mellon
16. Was government economic policy successful in the 20's?
The federal government tried to force the rich to put their money in tax exempt securities, not in factures. However, high taxes actually crippled the economy and lead to less revenue for the government. This meant that Andrew Mellon and his policies were not successful. Instead, they probably directed caused the Great Depression.
Chapter #32: IDENTIFICATIONS Andrew Mellon
-Secretary of treasury who worked really well as managing the budget.
Herbert Hoover
-secretary of commerce who was well known for his food managing during WWI
Albert B. Fall
-corrupt secretary of the interior who managed natural resources but was an anti-conservationist
Robert LaFollette
-nominated by the progressive party as a presidential candidate for the election of 1924. Supported by the AF of L and received 5 million votes.
Alfred E. Smith
-Democratic presidential candidate for the election of 1928. He had a poor radio voice and was a drinker and catholic. People did not like him because he did not have the people’s touch.
Ohio Gang
William Harding’s close cabinet group of people which included Hoover, mellon, fall, and Daughtery.
Washington Conference
-a disbarment conference which lead to the creation of the five power treaty, the four power treaty, the nine power treaty, and other treaties.
Kellogg-Briand Pact
-Pact that outlawed war. Created by secretary of state Frank b. Kellogg. Followed Wilson’s ending war dream.
Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law
The Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law was designed to help boost the agriculture productivity for the purpose of equalize the cost of American production
Teapot Dome Scandal
Forbes skimmed money and the Teapot dome scandal showed how fall could control the land and abuse it. He accepted bribes for drilling rights.
Dawes Plan
Charles Dawes came up with the Dawes Plan to try and get the European countries to repay their debts. It really did not help America though because it just started a circle of money. America would loan money to the European countries and they would use that money to pay them back.
Hawley-Smoot Tariff
Hoover also created the Hawley Smoot Tariff, which increased tariffs up to almost 60%. It helped American industries but enraged foreign nations.
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)
He created the Reconstruction Finance Corporation which would lead to the government projects of FDR’s New Deal.
Bonus Army
The Bonus Expeditionary force marched to Washington to demand their bonuses. Riots emerged and Douglas MacArthur had to bring in the army and use tear gases to stop the situation. It brought outrage to the people because they were attacking their own soldiers, people who fought for their country.
Hoover-Stimson doctrine
Hoover began to change the relationship with Latin America. America had less money to use “Dollar diplomacy” so they began to have friendly policies with Latin America. They laid the ground work for FDR “Good Neighbor Policy
Chapter #32 Identifications
The Republican "Old Guard" Returns
Know: Warren Harding, Ohio Gang
1. What flaws did Warren Harding possess?
Harding was only of average intelligence, was very gullible and chose questionable cabinet members, such as Fall and Daugherty. Fall was a schemer and anti conversationalist. Daugherty was a corrupted lawyer. Harding surrounded himself with people who were not the best for the job.
GOP Reaction at the Throttle
2. What pro-business policies were taken by the government during the Harding administration.
Harding appointed more liberal chief justices, such as William Taft, who would be more sympathetic to the big businesses. He supported the idea of laissez-faire, to let the businesses run free. However, he did stop progressive laws such as the federal child labor law and the idea of women’s protection and minimum wage.
The Aftermath of War
Know: Railway Labor Board, American Legion, Adjusted Compensation Act
3. What effects did the war have on the post-war economy?
The war lead to a strength in laissez faire and labor unions suffered greatly. The Railway Labor Board cut wages by 12% and the American Legion in Paris sought wages lost while away. They created a bonus bill known as the Adjusted Compensation Act which would benefit veterans. Coolidge vetoed it but congress overrode the veto.
America Seeks Benefits Without Burdens
Know: Unofficial Observers, Charles Evans Hughes, Five-Power Naval Treaty, Four-Power Treaty, Nine-Power Treaty, Kellogg-Briand Pact
4. How did the U.S. take the lead in disarmament in the 20's?
The US government only went to meetings of the League of Nations as unofficial Observers. However, they create a disarmament conference where Hughes suggested a ratio of ships at 5:5:3, US: Britain: Japan. The Five Power treaty set up this ration and \gave Japan a bonus to protect their dignity. The Four power treaty force the 3 countries to keep the waters safe. The nine power treaty kept the Open door policy with China, supporting free trade.
Hiking the Tariff Higher
Know: Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law
5. What effects were produced by high American tariffs?
The Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law was designed to help boost the agriculture productivity for the purpose of equalize the cost of American production. Since busineses in America needed to have a higher tariff to protect them against cheaper goods, the tariff was passed and rates were raised from 27% to 38%. It was good for America but it caused poor relationships with European countries, who still owed America money.
The Stench of Scandal
Know: Charles R. Forbes, Albert B. Fall, Teapot Dome, Harry M. Daugherty
6. "Such was his [Harding's] weakness that he tolerated people and conditions that subjected the Republic to its worst disgrace since the days of President Grant." Explain
During Harding’s term, there was far too much corruption. Forbes skimmed money and the Teapot dome scandal showed how fall could control the land and abuse it. He accepted bribes for drilling rights and Daughterly sold liquor permits during prohibition. These scandals made the people second guess Harding’s policies.
“Silent Cal” Coolidge
Know: Calvin Coolidge
7. Do the nicknames, "Silent Cal" and "Cautious Cal" accurately describe the Coolidge presidency?
Yes, Calvin Coolidge was serious, calm, shy, moral, boring, and did not speak much.
Frustrated Farmers
Know: McNary-Haugen Bill
8. What had changed for the farmer since 1890? What had remained the same?
There was a boom in food amounts and new technologies such as the tractor made farm work much easier. However, increase in supply with the same demands lead to decreased prices. The McNary-Haugen Bill tried to keep the prices of agriculture goods high by buying the extra farm products and selling them to other countries. Coolidge disapproved.
A Three-Way Race for the White House in 1924
Know: Robert La Follette
9. Why did Calvin Coolidge easily win the 1924 election?
The democrats had a hard time trying to come up with a strong platform that would defend their positions. The progressive party received a sizable number of votes but Coolidge still won easily because Robert La follette was not as famous as he was.
Foreign-Policy Flounderings
10. What are the arguments for America canceling the WWI debt of European countries?
People wanted to cancel the debt because there was no way that the European countries could ever afford to repay America their debt.
Unraveling the Debt Knot
Know: Dawes Plan
11. What were the world-wide repercussions of America’s insistence on debt repayment?
Charles Dawes came up with the Dawes Plan to try and get the European countries to repay their debts. It really did not help America though because it just started a circle of money. America would loan money to the European countries and they would use that money to pay them back. They never did get their money back and other countries because to view America as just a greedy bully.
The Triumph of Herbert Hoover, 1928
Know: Al Smith, "Rum, Romanism, and Ruin"
12. Why was Herbert Hoover so much more popular with voters than Al Smith?
Hoover supported the idea of Rugged Individualism and wanted America to have strong, independent individuals like the old pioneer days. Afred E. Smith was a poor talker and drinker. Hoover sounded great on the radio while Al Smith did not.
President Hoover's First Moves
Know: Farm Board, Hawley-Smoot Tariff
13. Did Hoover’s attempts to help farmers produce positive results? Explain.
Hoover set the the Federal Farm board which would lend money to farmers and help their situation. He also created the Hawley Smoot Tariff, which increased tariffs up to almost 60%. It helped American industries but enraged foreign nations.
The Great Crash Ends the Golden Twenties
Know: Black Tuesday, "Brother Can You Spare a Dime?"
14. What were the immediate effects of the stock market crash?
On Black Tuesday, the stock market crashed and stockholders lost almost $40 billion dollars. Businesses began to go bankrupt, unemployment rates skyrocketed, over 5000 banks went out of business, and only soup kitchens and homeless shelters grew.
Hooked on the Horn of Plenty
Know: Hoover Blankets, Hoovervilles
15. What causes contributed to the Great Depression?
The great depression, as well as most depressions, was caused by over speculation in stock and over production in farms and factories. People purchased more items than they had money to pay for. They relied on credit and never paid their debts. Those who did not have any money were forced to live in Hoovervilles, poor, shanty towns.
Rugged Times for Rugged Individualists
Know: Rugged Individualism, The Great Humanitarian
16. How did President Hoover’s beliefs affect the way he handled the Depression?
The Ideas of rugged individualism lead Hoover to be very slow in taking government action. He supported the independent people and by taking action, he would be interfering too much. He was called a great humanitarian for helping millions in Belgium during WWI but he did little for the American people. He finally did take some government action, but far too late into the depression.
Hoover Battles the Great Depression
Know: Muscle Shoals Bill, Reconstruction Finance Corporation, Pump-Priming, Yellow Dog Contracts
17. Is Hoover’s reputation as ultra-conservative well deserved? Explain.
Hoover’s reputation was changed once he began taking government action. He vetoed the muscle shoals bill to dam the Tennessee river even though he created the massive Boulder Dam, later to be renamed the Hoover Dam. He created the Reconstruction Finance Corporation which would lead to the government projects of FDR’s New Deal. The Norris La Guardia Anti injunction act outlawed antiunion contracts, aka yellow dog contracts, and was against pump-priming.
Routing the Bonus Army in Washington
Know: Bonus Expeditionary Force, Douglas MacArthur
18. What happened to the Bonus Army? Why?
The Bonus Expeditionary force marched to Washington to demand their bonuses. Riots emerged and Douglas MacArthur had to bring in the army and use tear gases to stop the situation. It brought outrage to the people because they were attacking their own soldiers, people who fought for their country.
Japanese Militarists Attack China
Know: Manchuria, Stimson Doctrine
19. How did the Japanese attack on Manchuria demonstrate the weakness of the League of Nations?
Imperialistic Japan invaded Manchuria but the League of Nation did little to solve the problem because America was not part of the League of Nations. America, in the Stimson doctrine, stated that it would not recognize any territories acquired by force but they were only words.
Hoover Pioneers the Good Neighbor Policy
20. What was President Hoover’s policy toward Latin America
Because America no longer had power, Hoover began to change the relationship with Latin America. America had less money to use “Dollar diplomacy” so they began to have friendly policies with Latin America. They laid the ground work for FDR “Good Neighbor Policy.”
Chapter #33: Identifications
Eleanor Roosevelt
Eleanor Roosevelt was the active First Lady of FDR who was very active in politics and was perhaps the most involved First Lady to that time.
Harry Hopkins
One of FDR’s closest advisors. One of the architects of the New Deal. Helped FDR during WWI.
Frances Perkins
U.S. Secretary of Labor. The first woman appointed to the U.S. cabinet . supported FDR in his New Deal.
Father Coughlin
Catholic Priest who gave regular radio addresses discussing social justice. He was anti-New Deal and did not like how it lead American to become a socialist country. He was eventually controlled by his higher-up clergy.
Huey Long
Huey Long was a senator of Louisiana who believed that the rich should help the poor. He wanted every man to be a king. He wanted to give $5000 per family to the poor by taking from the rich. This idea was shot down because it was too idealistic.
Francis Townshend
Townshend was a doctor who wanted to give $200 per month to 5 million senior citizens. He hoped that they would spend the money and therefore help the economy. His ideas was a crazy plan.
Harold Ickes
Harold Ickes was the leader to the PWA, or Public Works Administration. He wanted to strengthen the infrastructure of America.
Alfred M. Landon
Landon was the republican presidential candidate from Kansas. He was very loyal and had a lot of experience but he had a poor radio voice and was very ambiguous in his ideas. He accused the New Deal of spending way too much money but then supported many aspects of the new deal. He eventually lost to FDR.
Brain Trust(s)
The Brain trusts was a group of very skilled people who worked for FDR. Much like the kitchen cabinet, they worked closely with FDR to create plans and ideas f or the nation.
The three R's
The three R’s stood for Relief, Recovery, and reform. Relief was short term action, for right now. Recovery was for years later to get out the Depression and reform was a long term plan to make sure the depression will never happen again
National Labor Relation Board
This was also known as the Wagner Act, an act which guarantee the right of unions to organize and to collectively bargain with the management
Congress of Industrial Organizations
Started by John L. Lewis, this organization admitted the unskilled and started to work with the AF of L, but eventually separated from them because the AF of L did not want unskilled workers.
Liberty League
A group of misfit Democrats and Republicans who did not like the New Deal nor did they like FDR. The believed that American was becoming more socialist under these plans.
Court-packing scheme
The court packing scheme was FDR’s plan to get more liberals on the Supreme court so that he can gain more power. It was shot down by the Congress but it idea of having more liberal Supreme Court justices spread on.
Chapter #33 Guided Reading Questions
FDR: A Politician in a Wheelchair
Know: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Eleanor Roosevelt
1 What kind of man was FDR?
FDR was a young tall handsome man who got polio and became confined in a wheelchair. He had the people’s touch and had a very nice temper. He was very articulate with his works and conveyed a sense of caring.
Presidential Hopefuls of 1932
2. What was Roosevelt's campaign message in the 1932 election?
They appealed to the common man and exuded confidence. They had positive slogans instead of the depressing slogans of the Republicans. Their message included slogans such as “Happy Days are here again.”
The Humiliation of Hoover in 1932
3. What were the immediate results of Roosevelt's victory?
Black voters began to switch from the Republican party to the democratic party because they suddenly realized that Lincoln was not there to protect African American rights any longer. Another thing that occurred was that the unemployment rate was at the highest in American history and bankruptcies were an epidemic.
FDR and the Three R's: Relief, Recovery, Reform
Know: New Deal, Banking Holiday, Hundred Days, Three R's,
4. Describe the New Deal.
The New Deal was FDR’s plan for fighting the great depression. It started with the Bank holiday, which closed the banks for one week so that the banks could relax, organize themselves, and work to fix their problems. The hundred days was when a shipload of bills passed into laws. The three R’s were relief, recovery, and reform. Relief was for right now, recovery was for years later to get out of the Depression, and reform was to ensure it wouldn’t happen again.
Roosevelt Manages the Money
Know: Fireside Chats, Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Managed Currency
5. What were the key aspects of FDR's monetary policy?
The fireside chats were chats on the Radio to inform the American people how the problems were being addressed. The Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act set up the FDIC, which insured the people’s money in the back and people did not have to worry about losing money any more. It managed currency and protected the people.
Creating Jobs for the Jobless
Know: Pump Priming, CCC, FERA, Harry Hopkins, AAA, HOLC, CWA
6. Explain the difference between New Deal agencies and what radical critics wanted the government to do.
Prime pumping was to use federal money on programs in hopes that it would jump start the economy to run on its own. The CCC included young men who were hired to work in the national forests. The FERA sought relief in the form of government hand outs. Harry L. Hopkins was placed in charge and $3 billion hand outs were gave out. Many people say this as taking people’s money and giving it out to other people just for votes. The AA was created to offer low interest loans to farmers. The HOLC was created to refinance people’s homes and lower interest rates. The CWA provided temporary jobs. It was hated because it was seen as useless jobs created only to waste the people’s money.
A Day for Every Demagogue
Know: Father Charles Coughlin, Huey Long, Dr. Francis E. Townsend, WPA
7. List other historical demagogues.
Coughlin was a Catholic Priest who gave regular radio addresses discussing social justice. He was anti-New Deal and did not like how it led American to become a socialist country. He was eventually controlled by his higher-up clergy. Huey Long was a senator of Louisiana who believed that the rich should help the poor. He wanted every man to be a king. He wanted to give $5000 per family to the poor by taking from the rich. This idea was shot down because it was too idealistic. Townshend was a doctor who wanted to give $200 per month to 5 million senior citizens. He hoped that they would spend the money and therefore help the economy. His idea was a crazy plan.
New Visibility for Women
Know: Frances Perkins, Mary McLeod Bethune, Ruth Benedict, Margaret Mead, Pearl Buck
8. Explain the factors that made it possible for these women to gain fame.
Frances Perkins was the first female cabinet member as the Secretary of Labor. Mary Macleod Bethune was in charge of the Office of Minority affairs. She was the highest ranking black in FDR’s administration. Ruth Benedict was an anthropologist who studied cultures as personalities. Her understudies included Margaret Mead, who wrote the landmark anthropology book, coming of age in Samoa. Novelist Pearl S. Buck wrote the The Good Earth and won the Nobel Prize for literature. They were able to gain so much fame because of the efforts of Eleanor Roosevelt.
Helping Industry and Labor
Know: NRA, Sick Chicken Decision, PWA, Harold Ickes
9. How did the NRA attempt to restore industry?
The NRA was also known was the National Recovery Administration which attempted to create “fair competition.” It created minimum wage and set a boundary on how long workers had to work. It attempted to combine the 3 R’s of Roosevelt’s New Deal and gave labor unions the right to organize and collectively bargain. The hated yellow dog contracts were destroyed. The Sick Chicken Decision finally brought an end to the NRA because it was declared unconstitutional because many businesses did not follow its regulations. The PWA was then created; also known was the Public Works Administration. This administration was lead by Harold Ickes and worked to strengthen the infrastructure of America.
Paying Farmers Not to Farm
10. How did the federal government attempt to help farmers?
The government created the Agricultural Adjustment Act, which tried to help farmers by creating “artificial scarcity” by paying farmers not to farm. This raised the income of farmers but also lead to a lot of wasteful actions, such as using meat as fertilizer. The AAA was declared unconstitutional but later the Soil Conservation and Domestic Adjustment Act was created to help preserve the land. Finally, the second agricultural adjustment act was passed which basically did the same thing as the AAA but was less comprehensive.
Dust Bowls and Black Blizzards
Know: Dust Bowl, Okies and Arkies, The Grapes of Wrath, Indian Reorganization Act
11. How did nature cause problems for some farmers on the plains?
Causes of the Dust Bowl were from drought and wind. These were natural causes but there were also many human causes. Farmers before used the technique of dry farming, which deplete the fertile top soil layer and caused it to blow away. Okies and arkies began migrating to Southern California in search of better farming land. This influenced Steinback’s book, The Grapes of Wrath. To try and help the situation, the government created the Resettlement Adminsistration to try and resettle farmers on better soil. Indians began fearing that the Government would come and try to move them. Instead, the government created the Indian Reorganization act, which would go against the Dawes Plan, which tried to assimilate the Indians into American traditions. This stated that the Indians should try and keep their Indian culture.
Makers of America: The Dust Bowl Migrants
Know: San Joaquin Valley, Farm Security Administration, Okievilles
12. In what ways were things better in California? In what ways were they the same?
Things were better in California in the San Joaquin Valley was very fertile. The farm security administration worked to better the lives of farmers. The bad things were that Okievilles were created for the poor who were rejected by many. Many Californians would not allow those outside California to work for them. They still were faced with many hardships in California because they were taking the jobs and land away from natives.
Battling Bankers and Big Business
Know: Federal Securities Act, SEC
13. "Reformist New Dealers were determined from the outset to curb the `money changers....'" Explain.
The Federal securities act, also known was the truth in securities act, required companies to report honest financial numbers. The Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) became a stock watchdog and checked that companies were not becoming too powerful through unjustified means.
The TVA Harnesses the Tennessee River
Know: TVA, Creeping Socialism
14. What arguments were used for and against the TVA project?
The Tennessee Valley Authority was set up in 1933 to build a series of dams along to the Tennessee River to provide jobs, help with housing, and provide electricity. It was disliked by many because it seemed too socialistic, meaning that it provided too much to the people and was suspicious.
Housing Reform and Social Security
Know: FHA, Social Security
15. How did the FHA and Social Security attempt to help some of society's least fortunate?
The Federal Housing Authority was set up to offer low interest home loans and was a double barreled program, meaning that it got people in homes and put people to work building them. It was popular to the people and helped keep the New Deal popular to the populace. The Social security act was passed with the help of the FHA was set up a payment plan for the old age, the handicapped, delinquent children, and other dependents.
A New Deal for Labor
Know: Wagner Act, National Labor Relations Board, CIO, John L. Lewis, Sit-down Strike
16. How did labor respond to the improvement of conditions brought about by the New Deal?
Congress sought to replace the defeated NRA by passing the Wagner Act, also known as the National Labor relations act. IT guaranteed the right of unions to organize and to collectively bargain with management. John L. Lewis organized the committee for Industrial organization, which admitted the unskilled and worked with the AF of L. The Fair Labor Standards Act set a minimum wage and maximum working hours. Many unions supported the New Deal for helping the forgotten men.
Landon Challenges "the Champ”
Know: Alfred Landon, American Liberty League
17. What was the significance of the 1936 election?
Alfred Landon was nominated by the Republicans as a candidate for president. He was a good, honest man who had experience however, he did not sound friendly on the radio and that did not work to his advantage. He criticized FDR for spending too much and he actually supported some of FDR’s ideas. Some Democrats joined the Republicans in the American Liberty League, which didn’t like the socialist direction the New Deal was talking America. Even with the American Liberty League, FDR crushed Landon in the election with an electoral vote of 523 to 8. FDR won because he never forgot the “forgotten man.”
Nine Old Men on the Supreme Bench
18. Why did Roosevelt ask Congress for a bill that would allow him to add justices to the Supreme Court?
The old court justices were very conservative and did not like the New Deals of FDR. He wanted more “yes men” therefore he decided to increase the supreme court to 15 justices so that he will increase his power in the Supreme Court. Congress did not want FDR to gain too much power so they shot down this bill.
The Court Changes Course
Know: Court Packing, Hugo Black
19. What were the consequences of FDR's attempt to pack the Court?
Many people began accusing FDR of being a dictator for trying to court pack his own people into the Supreme Court, ruining the perfected balance of checks and balances. Even though the scheme was voted down, many supreme court justices began becoming more liberal, such as Hugo Black.
The Twilight of the New Deal
Know: Roosevelt Recession, John Maynard Keynes, Hatch Act
20. Assess the successfulness of FDR in his second term.
I think FDR was not as successful in his second term. The Roosevelt Recession was caused by the government’s policies and social security was cutting into people’s salaries. Even though he promised to cut back on his spending, FDR followed John Maynard Keynes ideas. His ideas was that it was okay for the government to engage in “deficit spending,” which meant that it was okay for the government to spend more than they could. Congress went along with this idea and created the Reorganization Act. This act gave FDR authority for administrative reforms. The Hatch Act banned federal officials from political campaigning and soliciting. The goal was to clean up campaigning and make sure federal employees weren’t turned into campaigners.
New Deal or Raw Deal?
21. What criticism of the New Deal seems most fair to you? Least fair?
The New Deal was criticized for spending a lot of money, wasting a lot of effort, and accomplishing very little. FDR was criticized for moving away from American Laissez-faire capitalism and moving toward Russian communism/socialism/Marxism. The debt had increased from 19 billion to 40 billion. People began to fear that the United states was becoming a hand out government. This was very true but I think you had to give the New Deal some credit for taking charge during a period of turmoil and getting things back into order.
A. Mitchell Palmer
Instigated the Red Scare by arresting over 6000 people. Many were deported.
John T. Scopes
Scopes was a biology teacher who broke the Tennessee law that banned the teaching of evolution. HE was sued by the state. Was finally convicted.
Clarence Darrow
Man who argued for evolution in the Scopes Monkey Trial. He was an expert trial lawyer and out smarted Bryan.
Andrew Mellon
Mellon was the treasury secretary who had low tax policies that helped encourage the growth of the economy.
Frederick W. Taylor
Man who promoted efficiency in production by using the stop watch on workers, eliminating wasted movements, to finally quicken production time.
Margaret Sanger
Sanger was the woman who promoted birth control for women, a novel and new idea during this time period.
H. L. Mencken
Mencken was the writer of American Monthly who used wit and biting criticism to attack every aspect of society.
F. Scott Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald became famous when he wrote “This side of paradise” and “The Great Gatsby.” His stories focused on the glamour of the 20’s.
Ernest Hemingway
Hemingway wrote The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms. He also incorporated the same ideas a Fitzgerald, of people partying and looking for love.
Sinclair Lewis
Lewis wrote about a small American town in the book Main Street and also wrote about 20’s materialism and consumerism in the Babbitt.
Buying on Margin
Buying on Margin was when people bought items with borrowed money. Using only 10% was paid with the other 90% was borrowed. This lead to the financial crisis of the early 30s also was the precursor of over speculation.
Red Scare
The Red Scare was America’s fear of communism. It was incited by the Russian revolution, the increase in power of the socialists under Eugene Debs, strikes and mail bombs. It caused many Americans to shun foreigners.
Sacco and Vanzetti Case
Italian immigrants, Nicola Scco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were accused of murder however even though they had some evidence going against their case, people concluded that they were only convicted because of their race. They were eventually executed.
Emergency Quota Act 1921
This lowered the number of incoming immigrants to 3% of their nationality’s US population in the 1910s. It favored New Immigrants instead of blocking them so the government created a new act.
Immigration Quota Act 1924
This was an act created after the Emergency Quota Act to cut the number down to 2% of a group’s population in 1890. They wanted new immigrants out and old immigrants in. Canadians and Latin Americans were not included in the law because they were need to work specific jobs.
Volstead Act
The Volstead Act was passed to carry out the 18th amendment. It was more popular in the south and the west but disliked everywhere else. Americans supported alcohol and hated the idea of a powerful government.
Fundamentalism
Fundamentalism was the idea that all Christians should follow the bible word by word. They were very popular in the “Bible Belt” of the South. They played a role in the Scopes Monkey Trial, where they accused Scopes of teaching evolution.
Modernists
Modernists were people against the idea of old fundamentalism. They wanted new ideas of science and society to be more pronounced in the country.
Chapter #31 Guided Reading Questions
Seeing Red
Know: Billy Sunday, Red Scare, A. Mitchell Palmer, Sacco and Vanzetti
1. Cite examples of actions taken in reaction to the perceived threat of radicals and communists during the red scare.
Americans were extremely afraid of communism taking over . Palmer instigated the Red Scare by arresting over 6000 people. Many were deported. This was also known as the Palmer Raids. Even though Sacco and Vanzetti were probably innocent, they were found guilty only because of their race and America fears of the outside war.
Hooded Hoodlums of the KKK
2. Compare and contrast the new and old Ku Klux Klansmen.
The old KKK focused on aggressions against African Americans. The new KKK slowly began to become anti catholic, Jewish, pacifist, communist, internationalists, revolutionists, bootleggers, gambling, adultery, and birth control. They were only pro WASP, or White Anglo-Saxon protestant and anti everything else.
Stemming the Foreign Flood
Know: Emergency Quota Act, Immigration Act
3. Describe the immigration laws passed in the 1920's.
american democracy and they began targeting those who they believed were a threat to democracy. They passed the Quota act, which limited the number of immigrants from a certain group down to three percent. The Johnson- Reed act further supported the Quota act by lowering the percentage from 3 to 2.
Makers of America: The Poles
Know: Prussian Poles, Russian Poles, Austrian Poles, American Warsaw
4. What factors led Poles to America?
Many people came to America in search of a better life. During this time period, The Russian revolution caused a lot of fear in Russia and more people felt safer in the American democratic government.
The Prohibition "Experiment"
Know: Eighteenth Amendment, Volstead Act, Wet and Dry, Speakeasies, Home Brew, Bathtub Gin, Noble Experiment
5. How and why was the eighteenth amendment broken so frequently?
Prohibition: supported in the south to control African Americans and keep them from "burst[ing] out of their place”, was supported in the West because it attacked western saloons: public drunkenness, prostitution, corruption and crime. This anti-alcohol movement was lead by churches and women. Those who were against it drank at a large scale. alcohol was made illegal by the Eighteenth Amendment. 18th amendment was supported by the Volstead Act, passed by congress-law was hard to enact because many people did not find drinking alcohol something illegal. Most were able to sell alcohol through “speakeasies,” secret bars. Moonshiners, or people who made their own liquor, received good business but were at a threat of serious injuries
The Golden Age of Gangsterism
Know: Al Capone, St. Valentine's Day Massacre, Lindbergh Law
6. What was Gangsterism?
Gangsterism was instigated by the prohibition. It led to organized crime such as gangs. Speakeasies made meeting up easy and Chicago was the leading city for Gangs. The most famous gang leader was Al Capone, a man to was named Public Enemy number one. His estimated gang income was $12 billion and 18 billion, which was several times the income of the Washington government. Congress created the Lindbergh law with made interstate kidnapping punishable by death.
Monkey Business in Tennessee
Know: John Dewey, John T. Scopes, William Jennings Bryan, Clarence Darrow
7. Describe the clash of cultures that took place in schools in the 1920's.
Scopes was a biology teacher who broke the Tennessee law that banned the teaching of evolution. He was sued by the state and was finally convicted. Darrow was the man who argued for evolution in the Scopes Monkey Trial. He was an expert trial lawyer and out smarted Bryan, who died shortly after.
The Mass-Consumption Economy
Know: Andrew Mellon, The Man Nobody Knows, Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey
8. Give evidence to prove that America became a mass-consumption economy in the 20's.
After post world war, Andrew Mellon created low tax policies to help encourage growth. Henry ford perfected the assembly, starting mass consumption. Bruce Barton wrote The Man nobody knows. He said that man was Jesus and he was the best advertiser ever. People began buying things they know they would not need or use. Mass media made America more homogenous, which was great for mass consumption.
Putting America on Rubber Tires
Know: Henry Ford, Frederick W. Taylor, Model T
9. What methods made it possible to mass-produce automobiles?
Taylor promoted efficiency in production by using the stop watch on workers, eliminating wasted movements, to finally quicken production time. Ford perfected the assembly line with his model T car, which was cheap enough for even the average middle class man to buy. They were inexpensive and easy to make.
The Advent of the Gasoline Age
10. What were the effects of the widespread adoption of the automobile?
Cars brought the need for more roads and there was a boom in paving roads and purifying gasoline. Many people began moving into the suburbs because easy far away transportation was guaranteed.
A bad effect of cars is the increase of car crashes. A million people had died in car crashes, more than all wars combined.
Humans Develop Wings
Know: Orville and Wilbur Wright, Charles Lindbergh
11. What effects did the early airplane have on America?
Orville and Wilbur Wright were the first to fly for the first time in North Carolina. Charles Lindbergh was the first to fly solo across the Atlantic ocean. He became a celebrity in America and represented the anti-Jazz age.
The Radio Revolution
12. How did America change as the result of the radio?
The Radio increased mass communication in America and was a new and powerful medium for advertisers. Information was easily spread and people got the news quickly without waiting. Sports teams could follow their favorite sports and the sports industry increased drastically. Politicians could now campaign with a new medium.
Hollywood's Filmland Fantasies
Know: The Great Train Robbery, The Birth of a Nation, The Jazz Singer
13. What were some milestones in the history of motion pictures?
The first full length movie was called the Birth of a Nation, created by D. W. Griffith. The considered first movie however was the Great Train Robbery in 1903. The Jazz Singer was the first movie with sound, also known as “Talkie.”
The Dynamic Decade
Know: Margaret Sanger, Flappers, Sigmund Freud, Jelly Roll Morton, Langston Hughes, Marcus Garvey
14. "Far-reaching changes in lifestyles and values paralleled the dramatic upsurge in the economy." Explain.
The harlem renaissance was the first african American movement. All the other moments in
American history was mostly done by white Americans. African Americans can finally look back
into history and be proud of their accomplishments. Louis Armstrong was a famous trumpeter who changed the history of jazz music. Lance Hughes was one of the most famous poets who became famous not only in the African American circle of poets, he was famous throughout the country for his works. James Weldon Johnson was the leader of the NWACP. Thurgood Marshal was the first African American supreme court justice. Zornel hearsten was a famous Actress and writer who wrote about the African American experience. Bessy smith was a female singer and as the highest paid African American. Duke Ellington was a famous piano player.
Cultural Liberation
Know: H. L. Mencken, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Sinclair Lewis, William Faulkner, Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, e.e. cummings, Eugene O'Neill, Louis Armstrong, Frank Lloyd Wright
15. How did the arts of the 1920's reflect the times?
The Victorian age in American ended and writers began writing more about the freedom of life. Their works reflected the Jazz age and supported ideas of partying and having fun, ideas of the roaring 20’s. The art Deco style of art was spread throughout the country.
Wall Street's Big Bull Market
Know: Margin, Andrew Mellon
16. Was government economic policy successful in the 20's?
The federal government tried to force the rich to put their money in tax exempt securities, not in factures. However, high taxes actually crippled the economy and lead to less revenue for the government. This meant that Andrew Mellon and his policies were not successful. Instead, they probably directed caused the Great Depression.
Chapter #32: IDENTIFICATIONS Andrew Mellon
-Secretary of treasury who worked really well as managing the budget.
Herbert Hoover
-secretary of commerce who was well known for his food managing during WWI
Albert B. Fall
-corrupt secretary of the interior who managed natural resources but was an anti-conservationist
Robert LaFollette
-nominated by the progressive party as a presidential candidate for the election of 1924. Supported by the AF of L and received 5 million votes.
Alfred E. Smith
-Democratic presidential candidate for the election of 1928. He had a poor radio voice and was a drinker and catholic. People did not like him because he did not have the people’s touch.
Ohio Gang
William Harding’s close cabinet group of people which included Hoover, mellon, fall, and Daughtery.
Washington Conference
-a disbarment conference which lead to the creation of the five power treaty, the four power treaty, the nine power treaty, and other treaties.
Kellogg-Briand Pact
-Pact that outlawed war. Created by secretary of state Frank b. Kellogg. Followed Wilson’s ending war dream.
Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law
The Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law was designed to help boost the agriculture productivity for the purpose of equalize the cost of American production
Teapot Dome Scandal
Forbes skimmed money and the Teapot dome scandal showed how fall could control the land and abuse it. He accepted bribes for drilling rights.
Dawes Plan
Charles Dawes came up with the Dawes Plan to try and get the European countries to repay their debts. It really did not help America though because it just started a circle of money. America would loan money to the European countries and they would use that money to pay them back.
Hawley-Smoot Tariff
Hoover also created the Hawley Smoot Tariff, which increased tariffs up to almost 60%. It helped American industries but enraged foreign nations.
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)
He created the Reconstruction Finance Corporation which would lead to the government projects of FDR’s New Deal.
Bonus Army
The Bonus Expeditionary force marched to Washington to demand their bonuses. Riots emerged and Douglas MacArthur had to bring in the army and use tear gases to stop the situation. It brought outrage to the people because they were attacking their own soldiers, people who fought for their country.
Hoover-Stimson doctrine
Hoover began to change the relationship with Latin America. America had less money to use “Dollar diplomacy” so they began to have friendly policies with Latin America. They laid the ground work for FDR “Good Neighbor Policy
Chapter #32 Identifications
The Republican "Old Guard" Returns
Know: Warren Harding, Ohio Gang
1. What flaws did Warren Harding possess?
Harding was only of average intelligence, was very gullible and chose questionable cabinet members, such as Fall and Daugherty. Fall was a schemer and anti conversationalist. Daugherty was a corrupted lawyer. Harding surrounded himself with people who were not the best for the job.
GOP Reaction at the Throttle
2. What pro-business policies were taken by the government during the Harding administration.
Harding appointed more liberal chief justices, such as William Taft, who would be more sympathetic to the big businesses. He supported the idea of laissez-faire, to let the businesses run free. However, he did stop progressive laws such as the federal child labor law and the idea of women’s protection and minimum wage.
The Aftermath of War
Know: Railway Labor Board, American Legion, Adjusted Compensation Act
3. What effects did the war have on the post-war economy?
The war lead to a strength in laissez faire and labor unions suffered greatly. The Railway Labor Board cut wages by 12% and the American Legion in Paris sought wages lost while away. They created a bonus bill known as the Adjusted Compensation Act which would benefit veterans. Coolidge vetoed it but congress overrode the veto.
America Seeks Benefits Without Burdens
Know: Unofficial Observers, Charles Evans Hughes, Five-Power Naval Treaty, Four-Power Treaty, Nine-Power Treaty, Kellogg-Briand Pact
4. How did the U.S. take the lead in disarmament in the 20's?
The US government only went to meetings of the League of Nations as unofficial Observers. However, they create a disarmament conference where Hughes suggested a ratio of ships at 5:5:3, US: Britain: Japan. The Five Power treaty set up this ration and \gave Japan a bonus to protect their dignity. The Four power treaty force the 3 countries to keep the waters safe. The nine power treaty kept the Open door policy with China, supporting free trade.
Hiking the Tariff Higher
Know: Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law
5. What effects were produced by high American tariffs?
The Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law was designed to help boost the agriculture productivity for the purpose of equalize the cost of American production. Since busineses in America needed to have a higher tariff to protect them against cheaper goods, the tariff was passed and rates were raised from 27% to 38%. It was good for America but it caused poor relationships with European countries, who still owed America money.
The Stench of Scandal
Know: Charles R. Forbes, Albert B. Fall, Teapot Dome, Harry M. Daugherty
6. "Such was his [Harding's] weakness that he tolerated people and conditions that subjected the Republic to its worst disgrace since the days of President Grant." Explain
During Harding’s term, there was far too much corruption. Forbes skimmed money and the Teapot dome scandal showed how fall could control the land and abuse it. He accepted bribes for drilling rights and Daughterly sold liquor permits during prohibition. These scandals made the people second guess Harding’s policies.
“Silent Cal” Coolidge
Know: Calvin Coolidge
7. Do the nicknames, "Silent Cal" and "Cautious Cal" accurately describe the Coolidge presidency?
Yes, Calvin Coolidge was serious, calm, shy, moral, boring, and did not speak much.
Frustrated Farmers
Know: McNary-Haugen Bill
8. What had changed for the farmer since 1890? What had remained the same?
There was a boom in food amounts and new technologies such as the tractor made farm work much easier. However, increase in supply with the same demands lead to decreased prices. The McNary-Haugen Bill tried to keep the prices of agriculture goods high by buying the extra farm products and selling them to other countries. Coolidge disapproved.
A Three-Way Race for the White House in 1924
Know: Robert La Follette
9. Why did Calvin Coolidge easily win the 1924 election?
The democrats had a hard time trying to come up with a strong platform that would defend their positions. The progressive party received a sizable number of votes but Coolidge still won easily because Robert La follette was not as famous as he was.
Foreign-Policy Flounderings
10. What are the arguments for America canceling the WWI debt of European countries?
People wanted to cancel the debt because there was no way that the European countries could ever afford to repay America their debt.
Unraveling the Debt Knot
Know: Dawes Plan
11. What were the world-wide repercussions of America’s insistence on debt repayment?
Charles Dawes came up with the Dawes Plan to try and get the European countries to repay their debts. It really did not help America though because it just started a circle of money. America would loan money to the European countries and they would use that money to pay them back. They never did get their money back and other countries because to view America as just a greedy bully.
The Triumph of Herbert Hoover, 1928
Know: Al Smith, "Rum, Romanism, and Ruin"
12. Why was Herbert Hoover so much more popular with voters than Al Smith?
Hoover supported the idea of Rugged Individualism and wanted America to have strong, independent individuals like the old pioneer days. Afred E. Smith was a poor talker and drinker. Hoover sounded great on the radio while Al Smith did not.
President Hoover's First Moves
Know: Farm Board, Hawley-Smoot Tariff
13. Did Hoover’s attempts to help farmers produce positive results? Explain.
Hoover set the the Federal Farm board which would lend money to farmers and help their situation. He also created the Hawley Smoot Tariff, which increased tariffs up to almost 60%. It helped American industries but enraged foreign nations.
The Great Crash Ends the Golden Twenties
Know: Black Tuesday, "Brother Can You Spare a Dime?"
14. What were the immediate effects of the stock market crash?
On Black Tuesday, the stock market crashed and stockholders lost almost $40 billion dollars. Businesses began to go bankrupt, unemployment rates skyrocketed, over 5000 banks went out of business, and only soup kitchens and homeless shelters grew.
Hooked on the Horn of Plenty
Know: Hoover Blankets, Hoovervilles
15. What causes contributed to the Great Depression?
The great depression, as well as most depressions, was caused by over speculation in stock and over production in farms and factories. People purchased more items than they had money to pay for. They relied on credit and never paid their debts. Those who did not have any money were forced to live in Hoovervilles, poor, shanty towns.
Rugged Times for Rugged Individualists
Know: Rugged Individualism, The Great Humanitarian
16. How did President Hoover’s beliefs affect the way he handled the Depression?
The Ideas of rugged individualism lead Hoover to be very slow in taking government action. He supported the independent people and by taking action, he would be interfering too much. He was called a great humanitarian for helping millions in Belgium during WWI but he did little for the American people. He finally did take some government action, but far too late into the depression.
Hoover Battles the Great Depression
Know: Muscle Shoals Bill, Reconstruction Finance Corporation, Pump-Priming, Yellow Dog Contracts
17. Is Hoover’s reputation as ultra-conservative well deserved? Explain.
Hoover’s reputation was changed once he began taking government action. He vetoed the muscle shoals bill to dam the Tennessee river even though he created the massive Boulder Dam, later to be renamed the Hoover Dam. He created the Reconstruction Finance Corporation which would lead to the government projects of FDR’s New Deal. The Norris La Guardia Anti injunction act outlawed antiunion contracts, aka yellow dog contracts, and was against pump-priming.
Routing the Bonus Army in Washington
Know: Bonus Expeditionary Force, Douglas MacArthur
18. What happened to the Bonus Army? Why?
The Bonus Expeditionary force marched to Washington to demand their bonuses. Riots emerged and Douglas MacArthur had to bring in the army and use tear gases to stop the situation. It brought outrage to the people because they were attacking their own soldiers, people who fought for their country.
Japanese Militarists Attack China
Know: Manchuria, Stimson Doctrine
19. How did the Japanese attack on Manchuria demonstrate the weakness of the League of Nations?
Imperialistic Japan invaded Manchuria but the League of Nation did little to solve the problem because America was not part of the League of Nations. America, in the Stimson doctrine, stated that it would not recognize any territories acquired by force but they were only words.
Hoover Pioneers the Good Neighbor Policy
20. What was President Hoover’s policy toward Latin America
Because America no longer had power, Hoover began to change the relationship with Latin America. America had less money to use “Dollar diplomacy” so they began to have friendly policies with Latin America. They laid the ground work for FDR “Good Neighbor Policy.”
Chapter #33: Identifications
Eleanor Roosevelt
Eleanor Roosevelt was the active First Lady of FDR who was very active in politics and was perhaps the most involved First Lady to that time.
Harry Hopkins
One of FDR’s closest advisors. One of the architects of the New Deal. Helped FDR during WWI.
Frances Perkins
U.S. Secretary of Labor. The first woman appointed to the U.S. cabinet . supported FDR in his New Deal.
Father Coughlin
Catholic Priest who gave regular radio addresses discussing social justice. He was anti-New Deal and did not like how it lead American to become a socialist country. He was eventually controlled by his higher-up clergy.
Huey Long
Huey Long was a senator of Louisiana who believed that the rich should help the poor. He wanted every man to be a king. He wanted to give $5000 per family to the poor by taking from the rich. This idea was shot down because it was too idealistic.
Francis Townshend
Townshend was a doctor who wanted to give $200 per month to 5 million senior citizens. He hoped that they would spend the money and therefore help the economy. His ideas was a crazy plan.
Harold Ickes
Harold Ickes was the leader to the PWA, or Public Works Administration. He wanted to strengthen the infrastructure of America.
Alfred M. Landon
Landon was the republican presidential candidate from Kansas. He was very loyal and had a lot of experience but he had a poor radio voice and was very ambiguous in his ideas. He accused the New Deal of spending way too much money but then supported many aspects of the new deal. He eventually lost to FDR.
Brain Trust(s)
The Brain trusts was a group of very skilled people who worked for FDR. Much like the kitchen cabinet, they worked closely with FDR to create plans and ideas f or the nation.
The three R's
The three R’s stood for Relief, Recovery, and reform. Relief was short term action, for right now. Recovery was for years later to get out the Depression and reform was a long term plan to make sure the depression will never happen again
National Labor Relation Board
This was also known as the Wagner Act, an act which guarantee the right of unions to organize and to collectively bargain with the management
Congress of Industrial Organizations
Started by John L. Lewis, this organization admitted the unskilled and started to work with the AF of L, but eventually separated from them because the AF of L did not want unskilled workers.
Liberty League
A group of misfit Democrats and Republicans who did not like the New Deal nor did they like FDR. The believed that American was becoming more socialist under these plans.
Court-packing scheme
The court packing scheme was FDR’s plan to get more liberals on the Supreme court so that he can gain more power. It was shot down by the Congress but it idea of having more liberal Supreme Court justices spread on.
Chapter #33 Guided Reading Questions
FDR: A Politician in a Wheelchair
Know: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Eleanor Roosevelt
1 What kind of man was FDR?
FDR was a young tall handsome man who got polio and became confined in a wheelchair. He had the people’s touch and had a very nice temper. He was very articulate with his works and conveyed a sense of caring.
Presidential Hopefuls of 1932
2. What was Roosevelt's campaign message in the 1932 election?
They appealed to the common man and exuded confidence. They had positive slogans instead of the depressing slogans of the Republicans. Their message included slogans such as “Happy Days are here again.”
The Humiliation of Hoover in 1932
3. What were the immediate results of Roosevelt's victory?
Black voters began to switch from the Republican party to the democratic party because they suddenly realized that Lincoln was not there to protect African American rights any longer. Another thing that occurred was that the unemployment rate was at the highest in American history and bankruptcies were an epidemic.
FDR and the Three R's: Relief, Recovery, Reform
Know: New Deal, Banking Holiday, Hundred Days, Three R's,
4. Describe the New Deal.
The New Deal was FDR’s plan for fighting the great depression. It started with the Bank holiday, which closed the banks for one week so that the banks could relax, organize themselves, and work to fix their problems. The hundred days was when a shipload of bills passed into laws. The three R’s were relief, recovery, and reform. Relief was for right now, recovery was for years later to get out of the Depression, and reform was to ensure it wouldn’t happen again.
Roosevelt Manages the Money
Know: Fireside Chats, Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Managed Currency
5. What were the key aspects of FDR's monetary policy?
The fireside chats were chats on the Radio to inform the American people how the problems were being addressed. The Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act set up the FDIC, which insured the people’s money in the back and people did not have to worry about losing money any more. It managed currency and protected the people.
Creating Jobs for the Jobless
Know: Pump Priming, CCC, FERA, Harry Hopkins, AAA, HOLC, CWA
6. Explain the difference between New Deal agencies and what radical critics wanted the government to do.
Prime pumping was to use federal money on programs in hopes that it would jump start the economy to run on its own. The CCC included young men who were hired to work in the national forests. The FERA sought relief in the form of government hand outs. Harry L. Hopkins was placed in charge and $3 billion hand outs were gave out. Many people say this as taking people’s money and giving it out to other people just for votes. The AA was created to offer low interest loans to farmers. The HOLC was created to refinance people’s homes and lower interest rates. The CWA provided temporary jobs. It was hated because it was seen as useless jobs created only to waste the people’s money.
A Day for Every Demagogue
Know: Father Charles Coughlin, Huey Long, Dr. Francis E. Townsend, WPA
7. List other historical demagogues.
Coughlin was a Catholic Priest who gave regular radio addresses discussing social justice. He was anti-New Deal and did not like how it led American to become a socialist country. He was eventually controlled by his higher-up clergy. Huey Long was a senator of Louisiana who believed that the rich should help the poor. He wanted every man to be a king. He wanted to give $5000 per family to the poor by taking from the rich. This idea was shot down because it was too idealistic. Townshend was a doctor who wanted to give $200 per month to 5 million senior citizens. He hoped that they would spend the money and therefore help the economy. His idea was a crazy plan.
New Visibility for Women
Know: Frances Perkins, Mary McLeod Bethune, Ruth Benedict, Margaret Mead, Pearl Buck
8. Explain the factors that made it possible for these women to gain fame.
Frances Perkins was the first female cabinet member as the Secretary of Labor. Mary Macleod Bethune was in charge of the Office of Minority affairs. She was the highest ranking black in FDR’s administration. Ruth Benedict was an anthropologist who studied cultures as personalities. Her understudies included Margaret Mead, who wrote the landmark anthropology book, coming of age in Samoa. Novelist Pearl S. Buck wrote the The Good Earth and won the Nobel Prize for literature. They were able to gain so much fame because of the efforts of Eleanor Roosevelt.
Helping Industry and Labor
Know: NRA, Sick Chicken Decision, PWA, Harold Ickes
9. How did the NRA attempt to restore industry?
The NRA was also known was the National Recovery Administration which attempted to create “fair competition.” It created minimum wage and set a boundary on how long workers had to work. It attempted to combine the 3 R’s of Roosevelt’s New Deal and gave labor unions the right to organize and collectively bargain. The hated yellow dog contracts were destroyed. The Sick Chicken Decision finally brought an end to the NRA because it was declared unconstitutional because many businesses did not follow its regulations. The PWA was then created; also known was the Public Works Administration. This administration was lead by Harold Ickes and worked to strengthen the infrastructure of America.
Paying Farmers Not to Farm
10. How did the federal government attempt to help farmers?
The government created the Agricultural Adjustment Act, which tried to help farmers by creating “artificial scarcity” by paying farmers not to farm. This raised the income of farmers but also lead to a lot of wasteful actions, such as using meat as fertilizer. The AAA was declared unconstitutional but later the Soil Conservation and Domestic Adjustment Act was created to help preserve the land. Finally, the second agricultural adjustment act was passed which basically did the same thing as the AAA but was less comprehensive.
Dust Bowls and Black Blizzards
Know: Dust Bowl, Okies and Arkies, The Grapes of Wrath, Indian Reorganization Act
11. How did nature cause problems for some farmers on the plains?
Causes of the Dust Bowl were from drought and wind. These were natural causes but there were also many human causes. Farmers before used the technique of dry farming, which deplete the fertile top soil layer and caused it to blow away. Okies and arkies began migrating to Southern California in search of better farming land. This influenced Steinback’s book, The Grapes of Wrath. To try and help the situation, the government created the Resettlement Adminsistration to try and resettle farmers on better soil. Indians began fearing that the Government would come and try to move them. Instead, the government created the Indian Reorganization act, which would go against the Dawes Plan, which tried to assimilate the Indians into American traditions. This stated that the Indians should try and keep their Indian culture.
Makers of America: The Dust Bowl Migrants
Know: San Joaquin Valley, Farm Security Administration, Okievilles
12. In what ways were things better in California? In what ways were they the same?
Things were better in California in the San Joaquin Valley was very fertile. The farm security administration worked to better the lives of farmers. The bad things were that Okievilles were created for the poor who were rejected by many. Many Californians would not allow those outside California to work for them. They still were faced with many hardships in California because they were taking the jobs and land away from natives.
Battling Bankers and Big Business
Know: Federal Securities Act, SEC
13. "Reformist New Dealers were determined from the outset to curb the `money changers....'" Explain.
The Federal securities act, also known was the truth in securities act, required companies to report honest financial numbers. The Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) became a stock watchdog and checked that companies were not becoming too powerful through unjustified means.
The TVA Harnesses the Tennessee River
Know: TVA, Creeping Socialism
14. What arguments were used for and against the TVA project?
The Tennessee Valley Authority was set up in 1933 to build a series of dams along to the Tennessee River to provide jobs, help with housing, and provide electricity. It was disliked by many because it seemed too socialistic, meaning that it provided too much to the people and was suspicious.
Housing Reform and Social Security
Know: FHA, Social Security
15. How did the FHA and Social Security attempt to help some of society's least fortunate?
The Federal Housing Authority was set up to offer low interest home loans and was a double barreled program, meaning that it got people in homes and put people to work building them. It was popular to the people and helped keep the New Deal popular to the populace. The Social security act was passed with the help of the FHA was set up a payment plan for the old age, the handicapped, delinquent children, and other dependents.
A New Deal for Labor
Know: Wagner Act, National Labor Relations Board, CIO, John L. Lewis, Sit-down Strike
16. How did labor respond to the improvement of conditions brought about by the New Deal?
Congress sought to replace the defeated NRA by passing the Wagner Act, also known as the National Labor relations act. IT guaranteed the right of unions to organize and to collectively bargain with management. John L. Lewis organized the committee for Industrial organization, which admitted the unskilled and worked with the AF of L. The Fair Labor Standards Act set a minimum wage and maximum working hours. Many unions supported the New Deal for helping the forgotten men.
Landon Challenges "the Champ”
Know: Alfred Landon, American Liberty League
17. What was the significance of the 1936 election?
Alfred Landon was nominated by the Republicans as a candidate for president. He was a good, honest man who had experience however, he did not sound friendly on the radio and that did not work to his advantage. He criticized FDR for spending too much and he actually supported some of FDR’s ideas. Some Democrats joined the Republicans in the American Liberty League, which didn’t like the socialist direction the New Deal was talking America. Even with the American Liberty League, FDR crushed Landon in the election with an electoral vote of 523 to 8. FDR won because he never forgot the “forgotten man.”
Nine Old Men on the Supreme Bench
18. Why did Roosevelt ask Congress for a bill that would allow him to add justices to the Supreme Court?
The old court justices were very conservative and did not like the New Deals of FDR. He wanted more “yes men” therefore he decided to increase the supreme court to 15 justices so that he will increase his power in the Supreme Court. Congress did not want FDR to gain too much power so they shot down this bill.
The Court Changes Course
Know: Court Packing, Hugo Black
19. What were the consequences of FDR's attempt to pack the Court?
Many people began accusing FDR of being a dictator for trying to court pack his own people into the Supreme Court, ruining the perfected balance of checks and balances. Even though the scheme was voted down, many supreme court justices began becoming more liberal, such as Hugo Black.
The Twilight of the New Deal
Know: Roosevelt Recession, John Maynard Keynes, Hatch Act
20. Assess the successfulness of FDR in his second term.
I think FDR was not as successful in his second term. The Roosevelt Recession was caused by the government’s policies and social security was cutting into people’s salaries. Even though he promised to cut back on his spending, FDR followed John Maynard Keynes ideas. His ideas was that it was okay for the government to engage in “deficit spending,” which meant that it was okay for the government to spend more than they could. Congress went along with this idea and created the Reorganization Act. This act gave FDR authority for administrative reforms. The Hatch Act banned federal officials from political campaigning and soliciting. The goal was to clean up campaigning and make sure federal employees weren’t turned into campaigners.
New Deal or Raw Deal?
21. What criticism of the New Deal seems most fair to you? Least fair?
The New Deal was criticized for spending a lot of money, wasting a lot of effort, and accomplishing very little. FDR was criticized for moving away from American Laissez-faire capitalism and moving toward Russian communism/socialism/Marxism. The debt had increased from 19 billion to 40 billion. People began to fear that the United states was becoming a hand out government. This was very true but I think you had to give the New Deal some credit for taking charge during a period of turmoil and getting things back into order.